Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	47175	8597	11191
1997	46678	9461	11694
1998	47956	11253	11785
1999	48661	10342	12047
2000	49045	12343	12902
2001	50973	14685	12533
2002	54656	15858	13147
2003	56933	17241	14284
2004	56299	21962	14402
2005	62397	35820	15717
2006	66638	41087	17159
2007	63089	45488	17161
2008	62346	49706	17307
2009	61787	53768	17619
2010	63314	54241	17532
2011	64850	60547	18243
2012	66297	62144	18283
2013	62295	68740	18229
2014	64259	72564	19548
2015	64958	78432	20940
2016	68912	86839	21870
2017	67545	94670	22443
2018	67385	109573	21936
2019	66292	124152	22385
2020	64454	127811	22156
2021	61635	148375	22283
2022	59226	155975	21452
2023	51916	153481	19121

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	46629	8577	11094
1997	46258	9426	11604
1998	47530	11235	11706
1999	48278	10312	11977
2000	48670	12314	12848
2001	50252	14624	12337
2002	53963	15779	12977
2003	56165	17162	14020
2004	55732	21917	14244
2005	61594	35774	15481
2006	65738	41014	16892
2007	62143	45262	16863
2008	61412	49605	17049
2009	60784	53644	17269
2010	62313	54092	17188
2011	63972	60375	17978
2012	65279	61982	17958
2013	61348	68510	17896
2014	63245	72338	19254
2015	63907	78140	20617
2016	67707	86429	21468
2017	66347	94257	22024
2018	66100	109084	21515
2019	64920	123541	21894
2020	63016	127049	21662
2021	60436	147614	21886
2022	58075	155156	21027
2023	50721	152628	18766

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	546	20	97
1997	420	35	90
1998	426	18	79
1999	383	30	70
2000	375	29	54
2001	721	61	196
2002	693	79	170
2003	768	79	264
2004	567	45	158
2005	803	46	236
2006	900	73	267
2007	946	226	298
2008	934	101	258
2009	1003	124	350
2010	1001	149	344
2011	878	172	265
2012	1018	162	325
2013	947	230	333
2014	1014	226	294
2015	1051	292	323
2016	1205	410	402
2017	1198	413	419
2018	1285	489	421
2019	1372	611	491
2020	1438	762	494
2021	1199	761	397
2022	1151	819	425
2023	1195	853	355

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	41124	5513	10024
1997	41222	6738	10638
1998	41812	7604	10660
1999	42126	7704	10891
2000	42299	9486	11458
2001	43482	11447	11088
2002	45998	12429	11565
2003	47981	14408	12417
2004	49305	18767	12990
2005	51978	28162	13588
2006	53757	33095	14470
2007	51442	36701	14352
2008	52064	40825	14853
2009	51566	43367	14978
2010	53062	45353	15241
2011	54173	50492	15777
2012	56816	53505	16027
2013	53584	58624	16055
2014	54841	62471	17110
2015	55259	66506	18155
2016	58408	72727	19202
2017	57332	79822	19422
2018	57401	91185	19324
2019	56041	101376	19456
2020	55017	103738	19559
2021	50858	111951	18947
2022	43383	105871	16531
2023	21224	52271	8482

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	6051	3084	1167
1997	5456	2723	1056
1998	6144	3649	1125
1999	6535	2638	1156
2000	6746	2857	1444
2001	7491	3238	1445
2002	8658	3429	1582
2003	8952	2833	1867
2004	6994	3195	1412
2005	10419	7658	2129
2006	12881	7992	2689
2007	11647	8787	2809
2008	10282	8881	2454
2009	10221	10401	2641
2010	10252	8888	2291
2011	10677	10055	2466
2012	9481	8639	2256
2013	8711	10116	2174
2014	9418	10093	2438
2015	9699	11926	2785
2016	10504	14112	2668
2017	10213	14848	3021
2018	9984	18388	2612
2019	10251	22776	2929
2020	9437	24073	2597
2021	10777	36424	3336
2022	15843	50104	4921
2023	30692	101210	10639

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1940787	88877	358645
1997	1740968	108949	415932
1998	1969286	130958	419769
1999	1926053	139535	449285
2000	1977185	193024	509609
2001	2017138	224076	469304
2002	2044284	276768	506449
2003	2270234	362055	546679
2004	2346037	449242	570633
2005	2364001	577110	609002
2006	2354481	707571	650651
2007	2268309	773118	671493
2008	2379987	915300	637080
2009	2309700	931524	691943
2010	2383746	1021557	657730
2011	2207461	1078796	637194
2012	2286116	1231398	653905
2013	2152376	1276191	655270
2014	2093787	1392758	679920
2015	1955862	1466002	678790
2016	1858285	1485688	663186
2017	1661445	1630538	592767
2018	1539501	1797849	531725
2019	1280249	1731379	457006
2020	1043391	1506223	393644
2021	668792	1165014	265224
2022	300554	681413	123459
2023	64687	153412	28341

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1211430	50403	283245
1997	1051713	61894	327285
1998	1201175	72577	329537
1999	1181165	74735	356998
2000	1208826	102255	405176
2001	1222510	114263	367499
2002	1240985	140990	399006
2003	1382331	183224	426532
2004	1436431	220872	445146
2005	1453336	271248	475934
2006	1431764	330850	504895
2007	1375671	342004	527862
2008	1462077	417102	490554
2009	1411783	412345	537832
2010	1454213	447604	500865
2011	1339505	458277	477421
2012	1388562	516684	492502
2013	1301182	516711	488147
2014	1282191	550343	515175
2015	1191607	557751	511243
2016	1133245	555988	502813
2017	1022536	593618	448924
2018	948517	625314	402046
2019	798161	596509	347654
2020	652121	502769	299537
2021	413933	342756	200749
2022	178751	184259	91918
2023	36510	43194	20014

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	729357	38474	75400
1997	689255	47055	88647
1998	768111	58381	90232
1999	744888	64800	92287
2000	768359	90769	104433
2001	794628	109813	101805
2002	803299	135778	107443
2003	887903	178831	120147
2004	909606	228370	125487
2005	910665	305862	133068
2006	922717	376721	145756
2007	892638	431114	143631
2008	917910	498198	146526
2009	897917	519179	154111
2010	929533	573953	156865
2011	867956	620519	159773
2012	897554	714714	161403
2013	851194	759480	167123
2014	811596	842415	164745
2015	764255	908251	167547
2016	725040	929700	160373
2017	638909	1036920	143843
2018	590984	1172535	129679
2019	482088	1134870	109352
2020	391270	1003454	94107
2021	254859	822258	64475
2022	121803	497154	31541
2023	28177	110218	8327

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	27.54	18.60	43.15
1997	28.44	21.15	45.67
1998	28.52	19.45	46.77
1999	28.17	19.90	46.16
2000	30.67	21.54	45.74
2001	31.25	19.39	48.56
2002	31.64	21.64	49.64
2003	35.11	24.51	54.15
2004	35.27	20.98	55.81
2005	34.46	15.42	55.75
2006	35.34	15.78	55.41
2007	37.68	15.54	56.90
2008	38.55	15.57	58.64
2009	38.62	15.73	59.33
2010	39.03	17.14	60.55
2011	40.15	17.30	61.42
2012	41.89	18.32	63.45
2013	43.59	17.95	65.37
2014	44.64	19.14	66.19
2015	45.11	19.69	66.09
2016	46.22	20.96	67.73
2017	47.12	21.45	69.10
2018	49.10	21.47	71.30
2019	49.31	21.12	71.25
2020	50.59	21.18	73.51
2021	50.76	18.20	74.59
2022	50.43	17.67	74.76
2023	52.81	16.80	76.64

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	20.65	12.32	17.52
1997	23.09	12.14	21.52
1998	23.44	12.59	24.12
1999	24.95	13.78	24.48
2000	26.17	14.02	26.21
2001	26.77	14.46	29.75
2002	28.27	14.93	31.87
2003	29.42	15.67	32.74
2004	30.04	17.04	36.09
2005	30.16	17.90	37.19
2006	31.14	17.83	38.88
2007	32.20	16.81	40.07
2008	36.06	21.88	45.02
2009	38.84	22.05	46.47
2010	40.29	21.66	49.25
2011	42.66	22.54	51.92
2012	44.91	24.17	56.02
2013	45.95	25.16	58.48
2014	48.63	25.85	65.07
2015	53.56	26.96	69.52
2016	54.47	27.29	74.13
2017	56.17	31.06	77.77
2018	58.90	34.00	79.42
2019	59.94	37.31	78.36
2020	65.99	43.09	82.14
2021	68.86	43.74	82.44
2022	68.01	37.61	81.85
2023	64.74	37.85	80.61