Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	15313	1138	4348
1997	16192	1040	4575
1998	17079	1274	5003
1999	16579	1545	5105
2000	16792	1588	5100
2001	16473	2293	4713
2002	16622	2106	4934
2003	19129	2666	5177
2004	21204	3423	5442
2005	21750	6218	5765
2006	24252	7527	6460
2007	24884	8849	6958
2008	24524	10007	6506
2009	25548	13733	7163
2010	26574	14789	7540
2011	27834	20356	7853
2012	28473	18607	8201
2013	29230	22396	8459
2014	30935	25825	9399
2015	31846	28896	9916
2016	33674	32977	10752
2017	33989	38062	10875
2018	35985	48822	12430
2019	39217	64637	13251
2020	39750	76123	14580
2021	42688	88608	16386
2022	41639	100554	15993
2023	37791	105988	15094

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	15171	1133	4280
1997	15510	1036	4498
1998	16826	1273	4898
1999	16217	1542	4980
2000	16360	1580	4979
2001	16143	2289	4586
2002	15914	2101	4815
2003	18574	2658	5056
2004	20612	3413	5293
2005	20900	6195	5500
2006	23194	7500	6156
2007	23757	8803	6587
2008	23542	9948	6193
2009	24568	13657	6835
2010	25465	14695	7188
2011	26682	20240	7462
2012	27289	18429	7799
2013	27999	22166	7969
2014	29499	25499	8901
2015	30432	28481	9344
2016	31980	32589	10045
2017	32234	37564	10134
2018	34031	48326	11508
2019	37391	64053	12486
2020	37811	75401	13636
2021	40827	87857	15562
2022	39768	99645	15077
2023	35888	105088	14281

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	142	5	68
1997	682	4	77
1998	253	1	105
1999	362	3	125
2000	432	8	121
2001	330	4	127
2002	708	5	119
2003	555	8	121
2004	592	10	149
2005	850	23	265
2006	1058	27	304
2007	1127	46	371
2008	982	59	313
2009	980	76	328
2010	1109	94	352
2011	1152	116	391
2012	1184	178	402
2013	1231	230	490
2014	1436	326	498
2015	1414	415	572
2016	1694	388	707
2017	1755	498	741
2018	1954	496	922
2019	1826	584	765
2020	1939	722	944
2021	1861	751	824
2022	1871	909	916
2023	1903	900	813

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	13317	863	3942
1997	13899	848	4164
1998	14311	980	4477
1999	14493	1157	4617
2000	14739	1400	4651
2001	14717	1889	4277
2002	14696	1893	4495
2003	16773	2451	4747
2004	17638	3148	4963
2005	18542	5376	5090
2006	20001	6542	5766
2007	20433	7847	6238
2008	20716	8943	5973
2009	21522	12180	6424
2010	22634	13181	6699
2011	24100	16791	7145
2012	24656	16672	7574
2013	25661	20040	7893
2014	27386	23331	8683
2015	28554	25953	9183
2016	30408	30356	10037
2017	30941	34974	10227
2018	32999	44442	11648
2019	34990	57274	12363
2020	36534	66311	13629
2021	38400	75108	15172
2022	33091	84673	13488
2023	15967	50236	7270

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1996	275	406
1997	2293	192	411
1998	2768	294	526
1999	2086	388	488
2000	2053	188	449
2001	1756	404	436
2002	1926	213	439
2003	2356	215	430
2004	3566	275	479
2005	3208	842	675
2006	4251	985	694
2007	4451	1002	720
2008	3808	1064	533
2009	4026	1553	739
2010	3940	1608	841
2011	3734	3565	708
2012	3817	1935	627
2013	3569	2356	566
2014	3549	2494	716
2015	3292	2943	733
2016	3266	2621	715
2017	3048	3088	648
2018	2986	4380	782
2019	4227	7363	888
2020	3216	9812	951
2021	4288	13500	1214
2022	8548	15881	2505
2023	21824	55752	7824

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	612594	16494	156955
1997	650928	20693	189259
1998	665514	22320	203794
1999	711213	31065	222081
2000	839223	45344	264437
2001	795859	59919	247892
2002	864454	69287	282903
2003	955708	95782	296999
2004	939265	119791	292305
2005	1009665	162126	303630
2006	1078748	232547	354797
2007	1063595	285512	359820
2008	1021700	334316	372263
2009	1070454	453821	378041
2010	1074826	530696	365335
2011	1160503	616735	388385
2012	1094822	640403	393044
2013	1091145	732511	396071
2014	1112059	825358	419071
2015	1054854	898652	406083
2016	1045031	1029612	406693
2017	973613	1180553	401473
2018	953271	1408326	394466
2019	831591	1558847	363980
2020	742600	1563729	323463
2021	494425	1215008	238102
2022	226363	772141	107876
2023	45514	180982	23525

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	342680	10156	119326
1997	361778	12140	143226
1998	375010	12503	154420
1999	407660	16015	171109
2000	495868	22864	206552
2001	468960	29703	196297
2002	506634	31789	225117
2003	561667	45361	233689
2004	552947	55021	227965
2005	599804	70733	236458
2006	637734	105933	277962
2007	632520	126900	280439
2008	606106	147966	292581
2009	644026	202147	298326
2010	658740	231757	283252
2011	713527	262366	307254
2012	664021	261548	307535
2013	674944	290507	309998
2014	691305	313249	329621
2015	662748	327418	321844
2016	659288	355231	323508
2017	628054	393048	321626
2018	634277	450312	316914
2019	562867	490367	294884
2020	502705	492513	262594
2021	333869	335592	192950
2022	153249	191345	87566
2023	30163	46204	18373

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	269914	6338	37629
1997	289150	8553	46033
1998	290504	9817	49374
1999	303553	15050	50972
2000	343355	22480	57885
2001	326899	30216	51595
2002	357820	37498	57786
2003	394041	50421	63310
2004	386318	64770	64340
2005	409861	91393	67172
2006	441014	126614	76835
2007	431075	158612	79381
2008	415594	186350	79682
2009	426428	251674	79715
2010	416086	298939	82083
2011	446976	354369	81131
2012	430801	378855	85509
2013	416201	442004	86073
2014	420754	512109	89450
2015	392106	571234	84239
2016	385743	674381	83185
2017	345559	787505	79847
2018	318994	958014	77552
2019	268724	1068480	69096
2020	239895	1071216	60869
2021	160556	879416	45152
2022	73114	580796	20310
2023	15351	134778	5152

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	19.95	25.22	27.14
1997	17.43	26.92	28.24
1998	17.16	22.53	26.94
1999	17.85	19.55	26.90
2000	17.32	24.12	27.37
2001	16.65	18.58	27.52
2002	19.72	22.03	30.44
2003	22.24	28.06	38.07
2004	23.12	27.52	40.13
2005	25.32	17.51	40.83
2006	25.92	19.34	42.43
2007	27.26	20.54	44.55
2008	28.27	20.93	45.63
2009	28.24	19.99	47.24
2010	29.45	21.30	48.00
2011	32.26	19.46	50.83
2012	32.70	21.73	53.08
2013	34.12	21.53	54.62
2014	36.31	23.45	57.87
2015	38.89	24.15	60.11
2016	40.37	25.51	62.57
2017	42.03	25.75	63.82
2018	45.41	26.33	67.39
2019	46.25	25.24	69.57
2020	49.64	25.31	72.72
2021	50.02	23.99	74.08
2022	50.54	23.88	75.56
2023	51.00	22.45	75.76

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	17.25	10.63	11.73
1997	21.94	11.35	16.17
1998	20.70	14.99	16.43
1999	20.34	13.01	17.02
2000	20.94	13.66	16.88
2001	21.02	15.53	18.91
2002	22.28	14.34	21.00
2003	23.60	17.89	21.21
2004	22.67	19.22	23.65
2005	23.46	21.68	23.94
2006	25.42	19.54	27.82
2007	26.25	18.97	29.23
2008	28.22	19.30	33.51
2009	29.30	16.80	33.20
2010	31.36	18.47	34.62
2011	32.12	19.37	35.40
2012	34.14	22.35	38.37
2013	34.42	25.53	41.86
2014	38.39	31.21	52.79
2015	43.15	27.52	60.82
2016	47.97	32.08	69.24
2017	49.61	33.58	75.94
2018	52.52	37.41	75.85
2019	54.93	41.10	77.59
2020	58.78	42.16	79.14
2021	62.70	47.33	81.25
2022	64.82	43.83	80.65
2023	58.89	39.75	76.20