Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	26217	5394	7375
1997	25874	7128	7589
1998	25977	7281	7513
1999	25595	8477	7357
2000	26117	9628	7653
2001	25707	10734	7438
2002	28708	11824	7706
2003	28090	13757	7744
2004	30938	18252	8062
2005	32168	23512	8162
2006	33642	28331	8712
2007	33417	31404	8798
2008	35741	34301	8534
2009	33232	36970	8661
2010	34896	39129	8985
2011	37471	44826	9744
2012	35944	49103	9235
2013	37109	54884	9392
2014	37586	62532	10007
2015	39568	68973	10884
2016	38871	71257	10897
2017	39749	74646	10992
2018	40168	85602	11405
2019	41687	95516	11934
2020	41965	100349	12512
2021	41243	107570	13003
2022	39320	131675	12302
2023	38022	133085	11792

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	26097	5384	7355
1997	25712	7111	7569
1998	25382	7271	7448
1999	24809	8449	7257
2000	25349	9606	7560
2001	24775	10689	7277
2002	28315	11783	7548
2003	27615	13697	7589
2004	30345	18176	7932
2005	31697	23461	8045
2006	33100	28219	8523
2007	32698	31159	8560
2008	35176	34199	8370
2009	32498	36865	8440
2010	34255	38997	8745
2011	36794	44676	9526
2012	35284	48921	9014
2013	36378	54658	9149
2014	36810	62322	9770
2015	38613	68599	10657
2016	37757	70753	10595
2017	38579	74269	10650
2018	39073	85231	11086
2019	40491	95037	11624
2020	40542	99602	12064
2021	40005	106958	12645
2022	38202	130883	11947
2023	36832	132327	11492

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	120	10	20
1997	162	17	20
1998	595	10	65
1999	786	28	100
2000	768	22	93
2001	932	45	161
2002	393	41	158
2003	475	60	155
2004	593	76	130
2005	471	51	117
2006	542	112	189
2007	719	245	238
2008	565	102	164
2009	734	105	221
2010	641	132	240
2011	677	150	218
2012	660	182	221
2013	731	226	243
2014	776	210	237
2015	955	374	227
2016	1114	504	302
2017	1170	377	342
2018	1095	371	319
2019	1196	479	310
2020	1423	747	448
2021	1238	612	358
2022	1118	792	355
2023	1190	758	300

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	24737	3900	7071
1997	24594	5238	7241
1998	24574	5465	7205
1999	24162	6583	7044
2000	24819	7885	7352
2001	24427	9085	7031
2002	26183	10600	7165
2003	26602	12620	7350
2004	28009	16610	7599
2005	29089	21138	7697
2006	30276	25629	8049
2007	29449	28722	8085
2008	30159	31508	7965
2009	30589	33834	8168
2010	32112	36195	8495
2011	33813	41966	9219
2012	33984	46134	8766
2013	35086	51817	8993
2014	36043	59061	9540
2015	37357	65614	10309
2016	36813	67448	10447
2017	37421	71434	10551
2018	37875	81157	10875
2019	38949	91980	11200
2020	39595	95799	11896
2021	38420	100792	12165
2022	33380	114032	10661
2023	17554	63968	5632

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1480	1494	304
1997	1280	1890	348
1998	1403	1816	308
1999	1433	1894	313
2000	1298	1743	301
2001	1280	1649	407
2002	2525	1224	541
2003	1488	1137	394
2004	2929	1642	463
2005	3079	2374	465
2006	3366	2702	663
2007	3968	2682	713
2008	5582	2793	569
2009	2643	3136	493
2010	2784	2934	490
2011	3658	2860	525
2012	1960	2969	469
2013	2023	3067	399
2014	1543	3471	467
2015	2211	3359	575
2016	2058	3809	450
2017	2328	3212	441
2018	2293	4445	530
2019	2738	3536	734
2020	2370	4550	616
2021	2823	6778	838
2022	5940	17643	1641
2023	20468	69117	6160

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1321364	70147	284782
1997	1212557	93442	308402
1998	1324476	106037	326199
1999	1343091	142366	341605
2000	1485290	179133	352101
2001	1503847	241460	351232
2002	1679403	295183	360366
2003	1777868	392846	402781
2004	1936268	528892	405026
2005	1955656	667670	453039
2006	1912400	823778	433629
2007	1827397	955384	482066
2008	1911110	1092762	444691
2009	1922795	1233657	431350
2010	2101027	1382138	462084
2011	1977452	1620236	485569
2012	1966173	1851139	464444
2013	1894842	1964575	437872
2014	1889429	2241642	472259
2015	1812979	2439869	489914
2016	1666017	2273900	440386
2017	1538074	2465739	422583
2018	1381748	2642826	371247
2019	1192363	2667214	328986
2020	984544	2295076	288311
2021	610202	1668620	199828
2022	270216	1019282	89811
2023	54171	229593	18081

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	856933	42031	229879
1997	780029	54369	252162
1998	866617	60475	268947
1999	886349	80427	283637
2000	997767	96269	293911
2001	1013759	127654	291724
2002	1137780	152652	301836
2003	1203404	201274	337709
2004	1317922	269924	338879
2005	1337929	334716	380262
2006	1303377	416386	360942
2007	1249753	468117	407913
2008	1309986	524254	371831
2009	1326214	578874	356291
2010	1471913	631099	386014
2011	1371914	710818	403564
2012	1367758	788096	388007
2013	1316232	804928	363766
2014	1313817	882916	392724
2015	1268183	919457	409674
2016	1169595	825620	364934
2017	1086032	855863	354938
2018	986631	852404	312132
2019	861469	839253	276292
2020	711617	696247	243122
2021	436042	441644	168649
2022	191527	249250	74823
2023	36639	57473	14586

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	464431	28116	54903
1997	432528	39073	56240
1998	457859	45562	57252
1999	456742	61939	57968
2000	487523	82864	58190
2001	490088	113806	59508
2002	541623	142531	58530
2003	574464	191572	65072
2004	618346	258968	66147
2005	617727	332954	72777
2006	609023	407392	72687
2007	577644	487267	74153
2008	601124	568508	72860
2009	596581	654783	75059
2010	629114	751039	76070
2011	605538	909418	82005
2012	598415	1063043	76437
2013	578610	1159647	74106
2014	575612	1358726	79535
2015	544796	1520412	80240
2016	496422	1448280	75452
2017	452042	1609876	67645
2018	395117	1790422	59115
2019	330894	1827961	52694
2020	272927	1598829	45189
2021	174160	1226976	31179
2022	78689	770032	14988
2023	17532	172120	3495

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	24.97	19.54	35.28
1997	24.07	15.39	35.22
1998	23.98	15.53	37.71
1999	23.12	13.45	36.28
2000	24.24	14.44	35.93
2001	24.43	14.27	35.49
2002	24.53	15.11	38.79
2003	27.73	17.32	42.69
2004	27.12	15.67	44.33
2005	27.14	13.79	46.10
2006	27.57	13.80	45.72
2007	28.66	13.79	47.43
2008	28.79	14.36	49.72
2009	31.78	15.20	50.65
2010	32.30	16.38	50.85
2011	33.61	16.66	53.02
2012	36.22	16.55	55.99
2013	37.16	17.09	58.64
2014	40.76	18.05	59.72
2015	42.66	19.10	61.93
2016	44.08	19.71	62.77
2017	45.45	21.45	65.33
2018	46.87	21.84	67.19
2019	47.81	22.54	68.38
2020	47.80	22.95	69.82
2021	47.20	21.20	70.45
2022	47.50	18.57	72.05
2023	47.73	17.89	72.96

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8.59	10.33	4.64
1997	11.55	12.04	7.47
1998	11.10	12.10	6.22
1999	10.37	12.10	6.93
2000	9.69	13.71	7.17
2001	9.69	12.96	7.73
2002	10.93	13.04	9.49
2003	11.23	13.43	9.59
2004	12.15	13.26	11.59
2005	12.99	13.31	12.53
2006	15.36	11.98	14.60
2007	18.88	10.89	14.62
2008	24.26	17.72	18.44
2009	27.22	18.52	19.95
2010	27.74	17.17	21.18
2011	28.62	16.42	23.75
2012	30.20	18.26	26.68
2013	30.77	18.08	34.86
2014	35.35	17.02	48.85
2015	41.03	17.45	59.69
2016	45.88	19.78	73.45
2017	48.92	27.39	78.37
2018	51.36	27.92	79.11
2019	52.30	26.72	78.63
2020	56.41	27.45	79.72
2021	59.38	27.59	81.11
2022	60.81	29.61	81.99
2023	52.59	28.55	78.12