Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8376	225	2626
1997	8169	317	2891
1998	8422	433	2906
1999	7819	513	2914
2000	8474	437	3417
2001	8998	977	3020
2002	10338	247	3077
2003	11681	408	3469
2004	11814	334	3778
2005	13657	896	4199
2006	14322	1427	4515
2007	13315	1714	4627
2008	13090	2916	4377
2009	15740	4172	5033
2010	16079	7672	5322
2011	16662	7733	5107
2012	16101	3337	5461
2013	15964	3992	5694
2014	16774	6113	5892
2015	22159	4481	6782
2016	18922	6485	6956
2017	17885	6263	7027
2018	18202	7906	7471
2019	18340	9923	7517
2020	18462	12485	8174
2021	18066	14152	8403
2022	18429	14946	8401
2023	18856	16859	9683

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8227	225	2576
1997	8025	317	2842
1998	8276	432	2850
1999	7658	513	2836
2000	8324	434	3366
2001	8711	974	2925
2002	9810	245	2927
2003	10586	407	3281
2004	11207	332	3641
2005	12489	885	3972
2006	13014	1416	4258
2007	12080	1694	4320
2008	12027	2903	4104
2009	14517	4133	4723
2010	14734	7640	4884
2011	15396	7681	4706
2012	14630	3281	5017
2013	14605	3933	5262
2014	15197	6028	5333
2015	16746	4385	5897
2016	16590	6363	6160
2017	15880	6141	6134
2018	16087	7605	6647
2019	16783	9656	6860
2020	16948	12332	7464
2021	16791	13884	7610
2022	16995	14682	7702
2023	17624	16518	8973

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	149	0	50
1997	144	0	49
1998	146	1	56
1999	161	0	78
2000	150	3	51
2001	287	3	95
2002	528	2	150
2003	1095	1	188
2004	607	2	137
2005	1168	11	227
2006	1308	11	257
2007	1235	20	307
2008	1063	13	273
2009	1223	39	310
2010	1345	32	438
2011	1266	52	401
2012	1471	56	444
2013	1359	59	432
2014	1577	85	559
2015	5413	96	885
2016	2332	122	796
2017	2005	122	893
2018	2115	301	824
2019	1557	267	657
2020	1514	153	710
2021	1275	268	793
2022	1434	264	699
2023	1232	341	710

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	6185	61	2236
1997	6524	110	2461
1998	6597	124	2478
1999	6584	172	2550
2000	7088	188	3031
2001	7622	358	2709
2002	8437	150	2728
2003	8790	235	3060
2004	9355	281	3377
2005	10248	585	3636
2006	10769	874	3940
2007	10292	1077	4010
2008	10555	1760	3800
2009	12578	2656	4362
2010	12701	3829	4541
2011	13394	3655	4390
2012	13003	2388	4807
2013	12911	2740	5007
2014	13383	3332	5135
2015	14921	3684	5574
2016	14720	5184	5860
2017	14553	5260	5925
2018	15125	6506	6386
2019	15633	8263	6721
2020	15759	10734	7258
2021	14884	11551	7101
2022	13446	11966	6784
2023	7750	7901	4742

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	2191	164	390
1997	1645	207	430
1998	1825	309	428
1999	1235	341	364
2000	1386	249	386
2001	1376	619	311
2002	1901	97	349
2003	2891	173	409
2004	2459	53	401
2005	3409	311	563
2006	3553	553	575
2007	3023	637	617
2008	2535	1156	577
2009	3162	1516	671
2010	3378	3843	781
2011	3268	4078	717
2012	3098	949	654
2013	3053	1252	687
2014	3391	2781	757
2015	7238	797	1208
2016	4202	1301	1096
2017	3332	1003	1102
2018	3077	1400	1085
2019	2707	1660	796
2020	2703	1751	916
2021	3182	2601	1302
2022	4983	2980	1617
2023	11106	8958	4941

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	345832	1315	69232
1997	399313	3631	87675
1998	426679	2394	100326
1999	421398	6509	110690
2000	585596	4641	159258
2001	607267	3980	140731
2002	658490	6847	152555
2003	716805	9022	169845
2004	727485	17324	194304
2005	725110	19626	207788
2006	744358	23927	217179
2007	655990	28140	194760
2008	595750	38030	174357
2009	660114	45951	197391
2010	678640	60539	188357
2011	658523	72036	190183
2012	614480	77073	194690
2013	529412	89329	205481
2014	518672	93388	204224
2015	477823	124202	198198
2016	454988	156589	199810
2017	426095	177696	204589
2018	386810	206518	188657
2019	339253	234453	173532
2020	298112	259188	169633
2021	189278	190179	114107
2022	87430	110625	59075
2023	24204	28964	18092

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	218531	1048	49820
1997	256982	2327	63513
1998	272063	1712	75364
1999	266927	5108	82497
2000	386666	3291	119874
2001	399450	2274	107752
2002	431378	4945	115293
2003	477068	6704	129661
2004	480518	13087	150477
2005	476770	13733	159806
2006	487503	16057	169286
2007	434062	19721	150681
2008	398460	25073	135539
2009	431489	30876	152361
2010	450823	39231	146180
2011	440292	46570	147036
2012	414381	47432	151366
2013	355445	52449	160343
2014	352964	53527	160336
2015	324731	67932	155728
2016	315038	79425	158394
2017	296777	84902	163939
2018	276220	93228	151475
2019	245859	100962	139336
2020	218556	112064	137512
2021	137609	75771	91317
2022	62472	40299	46963
2023	17092	11445	14010

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	127301	267	19412
1997	142331	1304	24162
1998	154616	682	24962
1999	154471	1401	28193
2000	198930	1350	39384
2001	207817	1706	32979
2002	227112	1902	37262
2003	239737	2318	40184
2004	246967	4237	43827
2005	248340	5893	47982
2006	256855	7870	47893
2007	221928	8419	44079
2008	197290	12957	38818
2009	228625	15075	45030
2010	227817	21308	42177
2011	218231	25466	43147
2012	200099	29641	43324
2013	173967	36880	45138
2014	165708	39861	43888
2015	153092	56270	42470
2016	139950	77164	41416
2017	129318	92794	40650
2018	110590	113290	37182
2019	93394	133491	34196
2020	79556	147124	32121
2021	51669	114408	22790
2022	24958	70326	12112
2023	7112	17519	4082

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	13.59	9.78	15.08
1997	11.45	14.20	14.29
1998	11.64	13.16	16.38
1999	12.38	11.89	16.33
2000	13.76	17.85	17.82
2001	13.05	9.11	20.40
2002	12.24	38.87	20.34
2003	14.60	35.05	22.86
2004	17.28	60.78	27.10
2005	17.47	31.36	26.84
2006	19.90	25.30	32.09
2007	22.49	25.44	31.25
2008	28.19	20.78	35.62
2009	22.20	19.20	35.19
2010	22.37	11.46	34.86
2011	22.07	13.57	37.32
2012	24.53	35.21	39.90
2013	27.24	33.49	41.61
2014	27.89	26.37	46.38
2015	24.96	43.96	47.76
2016	30.26	37.87	50.37
2017	31.89	43.29	50.49
2018	33.82	42.31	52.52
2019	37.10	41.64	58.60
2020	39.04	40.63	60.92
2021	40.85	38.04	61.85
2022	42.17	40.03	67.67
2023	44.42	39.68	68.37

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	9.84	11.11	3.81
1997	9.55	11.99	5.15
1998	10.95	21.02	4.96
1999	10.60	14.81	6.04
2000	10.33	16.93	6.61
2001	10.14	20.06	8.68
2002	11.32	14.98	11.57
2003	14.66	15.93	10.98
2004	13.92	14.07	13.55
2005	15.92	12.61	15.79
2006	16.60	8.41	17.05
2007	16.15	10.44	18.35
2008	16.44	8.37	23.17
2009	18.24	6.42	26.94
2010	18.59	4.16	26.68
2011	18.45	5.29	26.98
2012	18.90	13.43	27.14
2013	20.88	13.28	30.80
2014	21.03	14.82	42.21
2015	21.05	19.71	49.54
2016	24.46	16.52	61.63
2017	26.47	23.46	68.81
2018	29.48	23.74	70.51
2019	29.63	23.25	73.57
2020	30.52	22.39	72.31
2021	31.91	21.73	74.01
2022	31.05	22.17	70.18
2023	30.11	22.96	66.87