Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	9582	87	3747
1997	9617	70	3579
1998	9794	139	4256
1999	10083	88	3920
2000	10475	97	4343
2001	10643	94	4027
2002	12272	152	4592
2003	12676	178	4752
2004	13132	513	5088
2005	14218	510	5703
2006	14935	1073	6148
2007	15333	1300	6729
2008	15871	1118	6593
2009	21461	1265	8325
2010	22868	1534	9396
2011	23572	1706	10131
2012	23301	1821	10354
2013	24088	1991	11286
2014	25845	2135	11080
2015	26505	2325	11608
2016	26778	2190	12455
2017	27362	2713	12640
2018	27783	3019	13310
2019	27229	3584	12991
2020	27007	3995	13036
2021	27420	4970	12906
2022	27215	5350	12794
2023	26581	6408	13448

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	9078	84	2872
1997	9137	69	3316
1998	9246	137	3917
1999	9502	88	3350
2000	9887	93	3791
2001	10150	91	3557
2002	11638	147	4167
2003	11952	174	4143
2004	12317	506	4498
2005	13250	498	5027
2006	13826	1060	5614
2007	14114	1286	6110
2008	14651	1095	6046
2009	19583	1235	7488
2010	20768	1488	8399
2011	21388	1658	9022
2012	21311	1752	9367
2013	22030	1932	9886
2014	23388	2054	9746
2015	23776	2212	10027
2016	23682	2107	10641
2017	24007	2586	10922
2018	24291	2858	11353
2019	24144	3323	11335
2020	24076	3746	11253
2021	24664	4740	11286
2022	24181	5060	11223
2023	23704	6162	11877

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	504	3	875
1997	480	1	263
1998	548	2	339
1999	581	0	570
2000	588	4	552
2001	493	3	470
2002	634	5	425
2003	724	4	609
2004	815	7	590
2005	968	12	676
2006	1109	13	534
2007	1219	14	619
2008	1220	23	547
2009	1878	30	837
2010	2100	46	997
2011	2184	48	1109
2012	1990	69	987
2013	2058	59	1400
2014	2457	81	1334
2015	2729	113	1581
2016	3096	83	1814
2017	3355	127	1718
2018	3492	161	1957
2019	3085	261	1656
2020	2931	249	1783
2021	2756	230	1620
2022	3034	290	1571
2023	2877	246	1571

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8080	73	2560
1997	8388	58	2854
1998	8518	125	3138
1999	8733	74	3121
2000	9147	91	3661
2001	9341	86	3331
2002	10492	133	3861
2003	10948	152	3986
2004	11311	352	4328
2005	12235	308	4793
2006	12872	707	5285
2007	13063	889	5796
2008	13518	710	5620
2009	17240	952	6842
2010	18119	1114	7562
2011	18680	1176	8082
2012	18362	1280	8406
2013	18620	1350	8961
2014	19664	1494	8618
2015	19752	1632	8672
2016	19243	1544	9143
2017	19281	1899	9356
2018	18978	2080	9445
2019	18018	2404	9002
2020	16885	2771	8630
2021	15176	3000	7800
2022	11167	2648	5851
2023	5327	1509	3136

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1502	14	1187
1997	1229	12	725
1998	1276	14	1118
1999	1350	14	799
2000	1328	6	682
2001	1302	8	696
2002	1780	19	731
2003	1728	26	766
2004	1821	161	760
2005	1983	202	910
2006	2063	366	863
2007	2270	411	933
2008	2353	408	973
2009	4221	313	1483
2010	4749	420	1834
2011	4892	530	2049
2012	4939	541	1948
2013	5468	641	2325
2014	6181	641	2462
2015	6753	693	2936
2016	7535	646	3312
2017	8081	814	3284
2018	8805	939	3865
2019	9211	1180	3989
2020	10122	1224	4406
2021	12244	1970	5106
2022	16048	2702	6943
2023	21254	4899	10312

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	653988	6179	108738
1997	705297	6089	113954
1998	697702	5313	136250
1999	743170	6177	140588
2000	744835	7041	182356
2001	791458	6216	148850
2002	866035	9812	174652
2003	818858	12383	202294
2004	873342	20739	318766
2005	799083	22805	240801
2006	791618	27344	257322
2007	746572	31058	260226
2008	804622	33436	249209
2009	791360	56403	270043
2010	768780	50793	261578
2011	723864	48265	229175
2012	611527	50220	238230
2013	638076	74527	228414
2014	565934	62086	206904
2015	538770	58378	197061
2016	452592	57475	180189
2017	392098	50029	156581
2018	356518	65933	152987
2019	265231	52705	110083
2020	248164	73953	113436
2021	142305	34842	68886
2022	63206	18684	30633
2023	14019	4846	8141

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	338806	3596	81827
1997	373830	2890	84518
1998	378455	3442	101139
1999	410728	3786	104316
2000	409847	2987	139498
2001	443485	2274	109374
2002	487400	6692	127992
2003	454896	7893	153574
2004	489400	11934	255347
2005	445282	13915	179595
2006	442041	13415	192621
2007	420081	17659	194141
2008	463131	17667	186699
2009	443664	33722	203307
2010	433655	27661	194591
2011	419852	28036	169717
2012	346103	28237	177537
2013	362815	47543	168945
2014	322716	32464	153143
2015	312698	26550	146503
2016	264708	28635	134979
2017	231339	23346	115462
2018	210577	32231	114701
2019	153933	23545	80466
2020	148828	43241	86584
2021	84073	14884	50678
2022	35781	7683	22181
2023	7680	2134	5523

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	315182	2583	26911
1997	331467	3199	29436
1998	319247	1871	35111
1999	332442	2391	36272
2000	334988	4054	42858
2001	347973	3942	39476
2002	378635	3120	46660
2003	363962	4490	48720
2004	383942	8805	63419
2005	353801	8890	61206
2006	349577	13929	64701
2007	326491	13399	66085
2008	341491	15769	62510
2009	347696	22681	66736
2010	335125	23132	66987
2011	304012	20229	59458
2012	265424	21983	60693
2013	275261	26984	59469
2014	243218	29622	53761
2015	226072	31828	50558
2016	187884	28840	45210
2017	160759	26683	41119
2018	145941	33702	38286
2019	111298	29160	29617
2020	99336	30712	26852
2021	58232	19958	18208
2022	27425	11001	8452
2023	6339	2712	2618

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	13.79	41.38	13.29
1997	9.70	57.14	11.96
1998	11.78	33.81	12.52
1999	10.44	40.91	12.22
2000	9.57	50.52	11.88
2001	7.91	37.23	10.58
2002	9.32	38.16	13.09
2003	12.50	54.49	17.07
2004	14.26	26.71	18.83
2005	14.43	26.67	19.45
2006	14.58	18.27	19.36
2007	15.63	20.69	19.69
2008	19.61	24.15	22.98
2009	13.07	22.21	19.03
2010	11.75	21.97	17.89
2011	11.90	22.74	17.87
2012	12.41	24.71	17.99
2013	12.78	25.77	18.43
2014	13.55	24.54	21.27
2015	13.26	26.37	20.98
2016	13.62	30.05	21.28
2017	14.33	28.05	22.47
2018	15.56	30.24	23.91
2019	15.91	32.59	24.14
2020	17.01	30.76	25.77
2021	17.95	27.97	28.25
2022	17.60	28.13	28.44
2023	19.70	28.76	30.99

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8.68	4.60	9.45
1997	9.45	17.14	11.87
1998	10.39	5.76	11.98
1999	10.07	3.41	12.35
2000	10.43	8.25	13.49
2001	11.31	11.70	15.84
2002	12.26	15.13	14.72
2003	12.99	14.61	17.57
2004	14.43	23.78	19.75
2005	15.19	24.12	19.87
2006	16.34	19.66	21.00
2007	17.01	17.46	23.48
2008	20.20	26.92	24.65
2009	22.10	28.93	25.47
2010	21.38	26.99	25.57
2011	21.60	31.30	26.19
2012	22.08	34.16	26.10
2013	22.81	27.27	29.79
2014	23.38	27.07	37.76
2015	25.33	34.62	44.90
2016	27.42	35.57	54.46
2017	28.12	32.47	61.95
2018	30.85	38.85	62.46
2019	33.06	41.77	64.21
2020	33.83	42.98	64.13
2021	34.23	41.35	67.82
2022	33.78	45.87	66.13
2023	32.94	46.64	68.50