Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	30885	92424	363066
1997	36162	96990	363055
1998	42646	99153	361292
1999	43363	99577	359722
2000	51493	106876	373344
2001	65539	102606	375232
2002	68449	106362	399007
2003	81930	120682	439416
2004	116981	127215	473558
2005	170961	141415	524695
2006	201036	149289	542539
2007	222943	157611	543943
2008	260862	160294	550578
2009	306710	170896	587814
2010	339704	176088	608743
2011	389697	180700	628804
2012	416228	197515	670919
2013	455666	209859	688442
2014	487514	202385	679190
2015	464158	209395	699051
2016	502078	222959	706511
2017	547249	229321	725464
2018	607183	230806	735118
2019	713556	226623	722768
2020	790577	232571	727579
2021	886996	249665	758974
2022	1028625	241135	724534
2023	1043131	238568	714412

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	30776	86784	352894
1997	36074	91943	352700
1998	42561	93215	348952
1999	43242	92075	344504
2000	51298	98880	356681
2001	65276	94162	356384
2002	68161	97407	378109
2003	81043	103084	402062
2004	116301	109739	432422
2005	170016	119228	467557
2006	199482	125755	477108
2007	221145	129869	469050
2008	258420	130809	473854
2009	303247	139126	503969
2010	335634	142531	520789
2011	384764	147220	537069
2012	409603	153497	553888
2013	447366	160057	564747
2014	478585	162813	569445
2015	454252	169381	578104
2016	491019	173853	586412
2017	535058	178630	597220
2018	593972	183653	610987
2019	698777	188071	614312
2020	772603	196920	631100
2021	867611	210490	654644
2022	1005380	203747	624498
2023	1018423	201255	609674

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	109	5640	10172
1997	88	5047	10355
1998	85	5938	12340
1999	121	7502	15218
2000	195	7996	16663
2001	263	8444	18848
2002	288	8955	20898
2003	887	17598	37354
2004	680	17476	41136
2005	945	22187	57138
2006	1554	23534	65431
2007	1798	27742	74893
2008	2442	29485	76724
2009	3463	31770	83845
2010	4070	33557	87954
2011	4933	33480	91735
2012	6625	44018	117031
2013	8300	49802	123695
2014	8929	39572	109745
2015	9906	40014	120947
2016	11059	49106	120099
2017	12191	50691	128244
2018	13211	47153	124131
2019	14779	38552	108456
2020	17974	35651	96479
2021	19385	39175	104330
2022	23245	37388	100036
2023	24708	37313	104738

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	19211	79418	305694
1997	23543	83303	310536
1998	27584	85430	312091
1999	30346	86786	314734
2000	37493	93424	327873
2001	46897	89968	331388
2002	52602	93269	349619
2003	63908	103735	379976
2004	91176	109670	405100
2005	127770	118293	436427
2006	151805	125643	450089
2007	171523	132174	450069
2008	200689	134816	459488
2009	233612	143475	491088
2010	258314	148479	509037
2011	290634	152466	525484
2012	316979	164474	555753
2013	349999	173158	568687
2014	381324	170315	570124
2015	392979	176745	582351
2016	428373	184822	590884
2017	470409	189694	603138
2018	523108	191648	611517
2019	607712	190545	601025
2020	663810	197016	609773
2021	707677	201407	602550
2022	724584	169582	491856
2023	362576	87784	238563

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	11674	13006	57372
1997	12619	13687	52519
1998	15062	13723	49201
1999	13017	12791	44988
2000	14000	13452	45471
2001	18642	12638	43844
2002	15847	13093	49388
2003	18022	16947	59440
2004	25805	17545	68458
2005	43191	23122	88268
2006	49231	23646	92450
2007	51420	25437	93874
2008	60173	25478	91090
2009	73098	27421	96726
2010	81390	27609	99706
2011	99063	28234	103320
2012	99249	33041	115166
2013	105667	36701	119755
2014	106190	32070	109066
2015	71179	32650	116700
2016	73705	38137	115627
2017	76840	39627	122326
2018	84075	39158	123601
2019	105844	36078	121743
2020	126767	35555	117806
2021	179319	48258	156424
2022	304041	71553	232678
2023	680555	150784	475849

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	322582	3414712	15977965
1997	401657	3818434	16663090
1998	470804	4111095	17849932
1999	570011	4302676	18300233
2000	740482	5153126	20693606
2001	934598	4826245	20969555
2002	1176251	5231449	21807956
2003	1556692	5699952	23176757
2004	2104164	6022281	24056454
2005	2660475	6261763	24319140
2006	3136600	6411346	24132012
2007	3717843	6609444	23509932
2008	4376907	6467947	23388247
2009	5133600	6798377	23904147
2010	5794781	6664758	23828177
2011	6476729	6507333	23161631
2012	7325950	6530762	22574881
2013	8231150	6523276	21548210
2014	9133353	6255283	20584715
2015	10002760	6234014	19856656
2016	10286824	5939169	18357410
2017	11242655	5620889	17196287
2018	11912709	5076627	15285806
2019	12114157	4347166	12701106
2020	11769091	3968912	10890303
2021	8308936	2686278	6936127
2022	4879683	1208190	3014380
2023	1094503	272435	654637

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	186529	2686285	8910844
1997	234510	3015655	9305668
1998	259818	3260067	10043632
1999	308052	3422276	10331730
2000	380696	4132431	11934480
2001	471471	3852906	12098896
2002	587640	4189875	12598330
2003	785943	4561758	13476628
2004	1040465	4821052	14060106
2005	1276276	5009845	14210281
2006	1487056	5094784	14105335
2007	1747014	5265047	13764998
2008	2077640	5139842	13762488
2009	2427376	5410633	14046331
2010	2690548	5291207	14112305
2011	2938275	5141908	13730008
2012	3257195	5150775	13371435
2013	3565682	5130973	12783562
2014	3827313	4946331	12326035
2015	4083770	4941977	12036716
2016	4056004	4717070	11257875
2017	4301995	4490949	10720591
2018	4331209	4056038	9596008
2019	4273893	3475091	8023152
2020	4436499	3192225	6962771
2021	2610764	2137495	4372048
2022	1404764	950364	1858552
2023	325717	206159	383784

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	136053	728427	7067121
1997	167147	802779	7357422
1998	210986	851028	7806300
1999	261959	880400	7968503
2000	359786	1020695	8759126
2001	463127	973339	8870659
2002	588611	1041574	9209626
2003	770749	1138194	9700129
2004	1063699	1201229	9996348
2005	1384199	1251918	10108859
2006	1649544	1316562	10026677
2007	1970829	1344397	9744934
2008	2299267	1328105	9625759
2009	2706224	1387744	9857816
2010	3104233	1373551	9715872
2011	3538454	1365425	9431623
2012	4068755	1379987	9203446
2013	4665468	1392303	8764648
2014	5306040	1308952	8258680
2015	5918990	1292037	7819940
2016	6230820	1222099	7099535
2017	6940660	1129940	6475696
2018	7581500	1020589	5689798
2019	7840264	872075	4677954
2020	7332592	776687	3927532
2021	5698172	548783	2564079
2022	3474919	257826	1155828
2023	768786	66276	270853

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	17.31	26.60	18.71
1997	16.90	26.30	17.12
1998	15.89	27.54	18.67
1999	15.91	26.85	18.00
2000	16.36	27.18	18.66
2001	13.47	27.44	18.15
2002	16.14	29.28	19.16
2003	18.63	33.38	22.16
2004	16.44	35.33	22.97
2005	13.83	36.13	23.48
2006	14.00	36.53	24.40
2007	14.44	37.61	26.01
2008	14.54	39.70	27.78
2009	14.32	39.62	25.97
2010	14.76	40.27	26.06
2011	14.85	41.57	26.90
2012	15.62	41.78	27.51
2013	16.67	43.02	28.57
2014	17.55	46.38	30.26
2015	20.75	48.71	31.20
2016	21.54	48.99	32.59
2017	22.30	50.47	33.22
2018	23.18	52.93	34.52
2019	22.69	55.85	36.06
2020	22.52	58.60	37.53
2021	20.92	59.93	37.46
2022	19.45	61.32	38.51
2023	18.80	61.97	37.89

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	15.49	21.10	21.92
1997	15.72	22.87	23.35
1998	16.93	24.39	24.25
1999	17.84	25.14	24.83
2000	17.96	25.67	24.85
2001	18.55	27.13	25.20
2002	19.16	28.17	25.61
2003	21.23	28.30	26.43
2004	22.46	29.94	27.16
2005	21.66	29.68	26.91
2006	20.61	30.31	27.64
2007	20.45	31.41	29.49
2008	21.46	33.20	33.54
2009	21.12	35.01	36.30
2010	19.87	35.85	36.96
2011	20.87	38.02	38.60
2012	23.41	37.89	39.15
2013	26.72	40.67	40.19
2014	28.14	48.97	43.08
2015	33.77	55.38	45.31
2016	34.51	61.09	47.01
2017	37.07	64.97	47.55
2018	38.51	67.46	49.87
2019	40.60	69.95	51.89
2020	44.02	73.43	56.27
2021	45.11	74.08	57.82
2022	45.56	72.18	56.38
2023	42.23	68.34	49.81