Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	1138	4348	15313
1997	1040	4575	16192
1998	1274	5003	17079
1999	1545	5105	16579
2000	1588	5100	16792
2001	2293	4713	16473
2002	2106	4934	16622
2003	2666	5177	19129
2004	3423	5442	21204
2005	6218	5765	21750
2006	7527	6460	24252
2007	8849	6958	24884
2008	10007	6506	24524
2009	13733	7163	25548
2010	14789	7540	26574
2011	20356	7853	27834
2012	18607	8201	28473
2013	22396	8459	29230
2014	25825	9399	30935
2015	28896	9916	31846
2016	32977	10752	33674
2017	38062	10875	33989
2018	48822	12430	35985
2019	64637	13251	39217
2020	76123	14580	39750
2021	88608	16386	42688
2022	100554	15993	41639
2023	105988	15094	37791

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	1133	4280	15171
1997	1036	4498	15510
1998	1273	4898	16826
1999	1542	4980	16217
2000	1580	4979	16360
2001	2289	4586	16143
2002	2101	4815	15914
2003	2658	5056	18574
2004	3413	5293	20612
2005	6195	5500	20900
2006	7500	6156	23194
2007	8803	6587	23757
2008	9948	6193	23542
2009	13657	6835	24568
2010	14695	7188	25465
2011	20240	7462	26682
2012	18429	7799	27289
2013	22166	7969	27999
2014	25499	8901	29499
2015	28481	9344	30432
2016	32589	10045	31980
2017	37564	10134	32234
2018	48326	11508	34031
2019	64053	12486	37391
2020	75401	13636	37811
2021	87857	15562	40827
2022	99645	15077	39768
2023	105088	14281	35888

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	5	68	142
1997	4	77	682
1998	1	105	253
1999	3	125	362
2000	8	121	432
2001	4	127	330
2002	5	119	708
2003	8	121	555
2004	10	149	592
2005	23	265	850
2006	27	304	1058
2007	46	371	1127
2008	59	313	982
2009	76	328	980
2010	94	352	1109
2011	116	391	1152
2012	178	402	1184
2013	230	490	1231
2014	326	498	1436
2015	415	572	1414
2016	388	707	1694
2017	498	741	1755
2018	496	922	1954
2019	584	765	1826
2020	722	944	1939
2021	751	824	1861
2022	909	916	1871
2023	900	813	1903

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	863	3942	13317
1997	848	4164	13899
1998	980	4477	14311
1999	1157	4617	14493
2000	1400	4651	14739
2001	1889	4277	14717
2002	1893	4495	14696
2003	2451	4747	16773
2004	3148	4963	17638
2005	5376	5090	18542
2006	6542	5766	20001
2007	7847	6238	20433
2008	8943	5973	20716
2009	12180	6424	21522
2010	13181	6699	22634
2011	16791	7145	24100
2012	16672	7574	24656
2013	20040	7893	25661
2014	23331	8683	27386
2015	25953	9183	28554
2016	30356	10037	30408
2017	34974	10227	30941
2018	44442	11648	32999
2019	57274	12363	34990
2020	66311	13629	36534
2021	75108	15172	38400
2022	84673	13488	33091
2023	50236	7270	15967

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	275	406	1996
1997	192	411	2293
1998	294	526	2768
1999	388	488	2086
2000	188	449	2053
2001	404	436	1756
2002	213	439	1926
2003	215	430	2356
2004	275	479	3566
2005	842	675	3208
2006	985	694	4251
2007	1002	720	4451
2008	1064	533	3808
2009	1553	739	4026
2010	1608	841	3940
2011	3565	708	3734
2012	1935	627	3817
2013	2356	566	3569
2014	2494	716	3549
2015	2943	733	3292
2016	2621	715	3266
2017	3088	648	3048
2018	4380	782	2986
2019	7363	888	4227
2020	9812	951	3216
2021	13500	1214	4288
2022	15881	2505	8548
2023	55752	7824	21824

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	16494	156955	612594
1997	20693	189259	650928
1998	22320	203794	665514
1999	31065	222081	711213
2000	45344	264437	839223
2001	59919	247892	795859
2002	69287	282903	864454
2003	95782	296999	955708
2004	119791	292305	939265
2005	162126	303630	1009665
2006	232547	354797	1078748
2007	285512	359820	1063595
2008	334316	372263	1021700
2009	453821	378041	1070454
2010	530696	365335	1074826
2011	616735	388385	1160503
2012	640403	393044	1094822
2013	732511	396071	1091145
2014	825358	419071	1112059
2015	898652	406083	1054854
2016	1029612	406693	1045031
2017	1180553	401473	973613
2018	1408326	394466	953271
2019	1558847	363980	831591
2020	1563729	323463	742600
2021	1215008	238102	494425
2022	772141	107876	226363
2023	180982	23525	45514

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	10156	119326	342680
1997	12140	143226	361778
1998	12503	154420	375010
1999	16015	171109	407660
2000	22864	206552	495868
2001	29703	196297	468960
2002	31789	225117	506634
2003	45361	233689	561667
2004	55021	227965	552947
2005	70733	236458	599804
2006	105933	277962	637734
2007	126900	280439	632520
2008	147966	292581	606106
2009	202147	298326	644026
2010	231757	283252	658740
2011	262366	307254	713527
2012	261548	307535	664021
2013	290507	309998	674944
2014	313249	329621	691305
2015	327418	321844	662748
2016	355231	323508	659288
2017	393048	321626	628054
2018	450312	316914	634277
2019	490367	294884	562867
2020	492513	262594	502705
2021	335592	192950	333869
2022	191345	87566	153249
2023	46204	18373	30163

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	6338	37629	269914
1997	8553	46033	289150
1998	9817	49374	290504
1999	15050	50972	303553
2000	22480	57885	343355
2001	30216	51595	326899
2002	37498	57786	357820
2003	50421	63310	394041
2004	64770	64340	386318
2005	91393	67172	409861
2006	126614	76835	441014
2007	158612	79381	431075
2008	186350	79682	415594
2009	251674	79715	426428
2010	298939	82083	416086
2011	354369	81131	446976
2012	378855	85509	430801
2013	442004	86073	416201
2014	512109	89450	420754
2015	571234	84239	392106
2016	674381	83185	385743
2017	787505	79847	345559
2018	958014	77552	318994
2019	1068480	69096	268724
2020	1071216	60869	239895
2021	879416	45152	160556
2022	580796	20310	73114
2023	134778	5152	15351

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	25.22	27.14	19.95
1997	26.92	28.24	17.43
1998	22.53	26.94	17.16
1999	19.55	26.90	17.85
2000	24.12	27.37	17.32
2001	18.58	27.52	16.65
2002	22.03	30.44	19.72
2003	28.06	38.07	22.24
2004	27.52	40.13	23.12
2005	17.51	40.83	25.32
2006	19.34	42.43	25.92
2007	20.54	44.55	27.26
2008	20.93	45.63	28.27
2009	19.99	47.24	28.24
2010	21.30	48.00	29.45
2011	19.46	50.83	32.26
2012	21.73	53.08	32.70
2013	21.53	54.62	34.12
2014	23.45	57.87	36.31
2015	24.15	60.11	38.89
2016	25.51	62.57	40.37
2017	25.75	63.82	42.03
2018	26.33	67.39	45.41
2019	25.24	69.57	46.25
2020	25.31	72.72	49.64
2021	23.99	74.08	50.02
2022	23.88	75.56	50.54
2023	22.45	75.76	51.00

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	10.63	11.73	17.25
1997	11.35	16.17	21.94
1998	14.99	16.43	20.70
1999	13.01	17.02	20.34
2000	13.66	16.88	20.94
2001	15.53	18.91	21.02
2002	14.34	21.00	22.28
2003	17.89	21.21	23.60
2004	19.22	23.65	22.67
2005	21.68	23.94	23.46
2006	19.54	27.82	25.42
2007	18.97	29.23	26.25
2008	19.30	33.51	28.22
2009	16.80	33.20	29.30
2010	18.47	34.62	31.36
2011	19.37	35.40	32.12
2012	22.35	38.37	34.14
2013	25.53	41.86	34.42
2014	31.21	52.79	38.39
2015	27.52	60.82	43.15
2016	32.08	69.24	47.97
2017	33.58	75.94	49.61
2018	37.41	75.85	52.52
2019	41.10	77.59	54.93
2020	42.16	79.14	58.78
2021	47.33	81.25	62.70
2022	43.83	80.65	64.82
2023	39.75	76.20	58.89