Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	8597	11191	47175
1997	9461	11694	46678
1998	11253	11785	47956
1999	10342	12047	48661
2000	12343	12902	49045
2001	14685	12533	50973
2002	15858	13147	54656
2003	17241	14284	56933
2004	21962	14402	56299
2005	35820	15717	62397
2006	41087	17159	66638
2007	45488	17161	63089
2008	49706	17307	62346
2009	53768	17619	61787
2010	54241	17532	63314
2011	60547	18243	64850
2012	62144	18283	66297
2013	68740	18229	62295
2014	72564	19548	64259
2015	78432	20940	64958
2016	86839	21870	68912
2017	94670	22443	67545
2018	109573	21936	67385
2019	124152	22385	66292
2020	127811	22156	64454
2021	148375	22283	61635
2022	155975	21452	59226
2023	153481	19121	51916

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	8577	11094	46629
1997	9426	11604	46258
1998	11235	11706	47530
1999	10312	11977	48278
2000	12314	12848	48670
2001	14624	12337	50252
2002	15779	12977	53963
2003	17162	14020	56165
2004	21917	14244	55732
2005	35774	15481	61594
2006	41014	16892	65738
2007	45262	16863	62143
2008	49605	17049	61412
2009	53644	17269	60784
2010	54092	17188	62313
2011	60375	17978	63972
2012	61982	17958	65279
2013	68510	17896	61348
2014	72338	19254	63245
2015	78140	20617	63907
2016	86429	21468	67707
2017	94257	22024	66347
2018	109084	21515	66100
2019	123541	21894	64920
2020	127049	21662	63016
2021	147614	21886	60436
2022	155156	21027	58075
2023	152628	18766	50721

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	20	97	546
1997	35	90	420
1998	18	79	426
1999	30	70	383
2000	29	54	375
2001	61	196	721
2002	79	170	693
2003	79	264	768
2004	45	158	567
2005	46	236	803
2006	73	267	900
2007	226	298	946
2008	101	258	934
2009	124	350	1003
2010	149	344	1001
2011	172	265	878
2012	162	325	1018
2013	230	333	947
2014	226	294	1014
2015	292	323	1051
2016	410	402	1205
2017	413	419	1198
2018	489	421	1285
2019	611	491	1372
2020	762	494	1438
2021	761	397	1199
2022	819	425	1151
2023	853	355	1195

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	5513	10024	41124
1997	6738	10638	41222
1998	7604	10660	41812
1999	7704	10891	42126
2000	9486	11458	42299
2001	11447	11088	43482
2002	12429	11565	45998
2003	14408	12417	47981
2004	18767	12990	49305
2005	28162	13588	51978
2006	33095	14470	53757
2007	36701	14352	51442
2008	40825	14853	52064
2009	43367	14978	51566
2010	45353	15241	53062
2011	50492	15777	54173
2012	53505	16027	56816
2013	58624	16055	53584
2014	62471	17110	54841
2015	66506	18155	55259
2016	72727	19202	58408
2017	79822	19422	57332
2018	91185	19324	57401
2019	101376	19456	56041
2020	103738	19559	55017
2021	111951	18947	50858
2022	105871	16531	43383
2023	52271	8482	21224

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	3084	1167	6051
1997	2723	1056	5456
1998	3649	1125	6144
1999	2638	1156	6535
2000	2857	1444	6746
2001	3238	1445	7491
2002	3429	1582	8658
2003	2833	1867	8952
2004	3195	1412	6994
2005	7658	2129	10419
2006	7992	2689	12881
2007	8787	2809	11647
2008	8881	2454	10282
2009	10401	2641	10221
2010	8888	2291	10252
2011	10055	2466	10677
2012	8639	2256	9481
2013	10116	2174	8711
2014	10093	2438	9418
2015	11926	2785	9699
2016	14112	2668	10504
2017	14848	3021	10213
2018	18388	2612	9984
2019	22776	2929	10251
2020	24073	2597	9437
2021	36424	3336	10777
2022	50104	4921	15843
2023	101210	10639	30692

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	88877	358645	1940787
1997	108949	415932	1740968
1998	130958	419769	1969286
1999	139535	449285	1926053
2000	193024	509609	1977185
2001	224076	469304	2017138
2002	276768	506449	2044284
2003	362055	546679	2270234
2004	449242	570633	2346037
2005	577110	609002	2364001
2006	707571	650651	2354481
2007	773118	671493	2268309
2008	915300	637080	2379987
2009	931524	691943	2309700
2010	1021557	657730	2383746
2011	1078796	637194	2207461
2012	1231398	653905	2286116
2013	1276191	655270	2152376
2014	1392758	679920	2093787
2015	1466002	678790	1955862
2016	1485688	663186	1858285
2017	1630538	592767	1661445
2018	1797849	531725	1539501
2019	1731379	457006	1280249
2020	1506223	393644	1043391
2021	1165014	265224	668792
2022	681413	123459	300554
2023	153412	28341	64687

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	50403	283245	1211430
1997	61894	327285	1051713
1998	72577	329537	1201175
1999	74735	356998	1181165
2000	102255	405176	1208826
2001	114263	367499	1222510
2002	140990	399006	1240985
2003	183224	426532	1382331
2004	220872	445146	1436431
2005	271248	475934	1453336
2006	330850	504895	1431764
2007	342004	527862	1375671
2008	417102	490554	1462077
2009	412345	537832	1411783
2010	447604	500865	1454213
2011	458277	477421	1339505
2012	516684	492502	1388562
2013	516711	488147	1301182
2014	550343	515175	1282191
2015	557751	511243	1191607
2016	555988	502813	1133245
2017	593618	448924	1022536
2018	625314	402046	948517
2019	596509	347654	798161
2020	502769	299537	652121
2021	342756	200749	413933
2022	184259	91918	178751
2023	43194	20014	36510

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	38474	75400	729357
1997	47055	88647	689255
1998	58381	90232	768111
1999	64800	92287	744888
2000	90769	104433	768359
2001	109813	101805	794628
2002	135778	107443	803299
2003	178831	120147	887903
2004	228370	125487	909606
2005	305862	133068	910665
2006	376721	145756	922717
2007	431114	143631	892638
2008	498198	146526	917910
2009	519179	154111	897917
2010	573953	156865	929533
2011	620519	159773	867956
2012	714714	161403	897554
2013	759480	167123	851194
2014	842415	164745	811596
2015	908251	167547	764255
2016	929700	160373	725040
2017	1036920	143843	638909
2018	1172535	129679	590984
2019	1134870	109352	482088
2020	1003454	94107	391270
2021	822258	64475	254859
2022	497154	31541	121803
2023	110218	8327	28177

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	18.60	43.15	27.54
1997	21.15	45.67	28.44
1998	19.45	46.77	28.52
1999	19.90	46.16	28.17
2000	21.54	45.74	30.67
2001	19.39	48.56	31.25
2002	21.64	49.64	31.64
2003	24.51	54.15	35.11
2004	20.98	55.81	35.27
2005	15.42	55.75	34.46
2006	15.78	55.41	35.34
2007	15.54	56.90	37.68
2008	15.57	58.64	38.55
2009	15.73	59.33	38.62
2010	17.14	60.55	39.03
2011	17.30	61.42	40.15
2012	18.32	63.45	41.89
2013	17.95	65.37	43.59
2014	19.14	66.19	44.64
2015	19.69	66.09	45.11
2016	20.96	67.73	46.22
2017	21.45	69.10	47.12
2018	21.47	71.30	49.10
2019	21.12	71.25	49.31
2020	21.18	73.51	50.59
2021	18.20	74.59	50.76
2022	17.67	74.76	50.43
2023	16.80	76.64	52.81

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	12.32	17.52	20.65
1997	12.14	21.52	23.09
1998	12.59	24.12	23.44
1999	13.78	24.48	24.95
2000	14.02	26.21	26.17
2001	14.46	29.75	26.77
2002	14.93	31.87	28.27
2003	15.67	32.74	29.42
2004	17.04	36.09	30.04
2005	17.90	37.19	30.16
2006	17.83	38.88	31.14
2007	16.81	40.07	32.20
2008	21.88	45.02	36.06
2009	22.05	46.47	38.84
2010	21.66	49.25	40.29
2011	22.54	51.92	42.66
2012	24.17	56.02	44.91
2013	25.16	58.48	45.95
2014	25.85	65.07	48.63
2015	26.96	69.52	53.56
2016	27.29	74.13	54.47
2017	31.06	77.77	56.17
2018	34.00	79.42	58.90
2019	37.31	78.36	59.94
2020	43.09	82.14	65.99
2021	43.74	82.44	68.86
2022	37.61	81.85	68.01
2023	37.85	80.61	64.74