Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	350	4169	13835
1997	451	4244	13813
1998	567	4503	13417
1999	626	4600	13973
2000	742	4524	14104
2001	840	4422	13973
2002	956	4422	14110
2003	1448	4627	15460
2004	1774	4797	16364
2005	2504	4744	16644
2006	3144	4979	17405
2007	4200	5079	18184
2008	4730	5083	18174
2009	5686	5111	18736
2010	6359	5256	18937
2011	7849	5469	20206
2012	8475	5359	20615
2013	10239	5454	20985
2014	11242	5903	21728
2015	12447	6280	21967
2016	13233	6061	21862
2017	14614	6316	21951
2018	16694	6478	22706
2019	17929	6507	22847
2020	22460	7384	24696
2021	27234	8306	26820
2022	35559	7362	24778
2023	31655	6907	23345

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	348	4037	13546
1997	451	4094	13504
1998	566	4372	13116
1999	624	4357	13494
2000	737	4281	13660
2001	836	4202	13539
2002	951	4196	13577
2003	1438	4383	14824
2004	1765	4573	15782
2005	2492	4530	16030
2006	3128	4713	16501
2007	4188	4805	17308
2008	4704	4758	17123
2009	5632	4727	17350
2010	6276	4888	17733
2011	7651	5064	18883
2012	8130	4992	19299
2013	10069	5152	19978
2014	11060	5535	20479
2015	12243	5896	20672
2016	13022	5666	20529
2017	14318	5878	20514
2018	16384	6024	21387
2019	17458	6043	21441
2020	21769	6773	22961
2021	26686	7647	25309
2022	34940	6773	23172
2023	30782	6325	21558

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	2	132	289
1997	0	150	309
1998	1	131	301
1999	2	243	479
2000	5	243	444
2001	4	220	434
2002	5	226	533
2003	10	244	636
2004	9	224	582
2005	12	214	614
2006	16	266	904
2007	12	274	876
2008	26	325	1051
2009	54	384	1386
2010	83	368	1204
2011	198	405	1323
2012	345	367	1316
2013	170	302	1007
2014	182	368	1249
2015	204	384	1295
2016	211	395	1333
2017	296	438	1437
2018	310	454	1319
2019	471	464	1406
2020	691	611	1735
2021	548	659	1511
2022	619	589	1606
2023	873	582	1787

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	259	4030	13402
1997	294	4043	13106
1998	398	4272	13103
1999	445	4416	13536
2000	526	4355	13757
2001	606	4214	13571
2002	738	4262	13654
2003	1065	4473	15044
2004	1388	4625	15910
2005	2117	4562	16163
2006	2621	4811	16824
2007	3466	4909	17640
2008	3921	4927	17664
2009	4830	4898	18002
2010	5544	5078	18448
2011	6959	5291	19648
2012	7466	5192	20034
2013	9235	5278	20475
2014	10258	5698	21079
2015	11655	6085	21262
2016	12337	5870	21160
2017	13842	6095	21188
2018	15867	6223	21857
2019	16538	6212	21748
2020	20760	6988	23292
2021	24684	7724	24736
2022	28975	6222	20462
2023	11614	3117	9585

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	91	139	433
1997	157	201	707
1998	169	231	314
1999	181	184	437
2000	216	169	347
2001	234	208	402
2002	218	160	456
2003	383	154	416
2004	386	172	454
2005	387	182	481
2006	523	168	581
2007	734	170	544
2008	809	156	510
2009	856	213	734
2010	815	178	489
2011	890	178	558
2012	1009	167	581
2013	1004	176	510
2014	984	205	649
2015	792	195	705
2016	896	191	702
2017	772	221	763
2018	827	255	849
2019	1391	295	1099
2020	1700	396	1404
2021	2550	582	2084
2022	6584	1140	4316
2023	20041	3790	13760

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	8215	224699	904017
1997	10525	248470	916185
1998	11639	281807	988428
1999	16397	293325	1030522
2000	15393	318240	1144363
2001	17527	299631	1087969
2002	25237	322396	1109384
2003	32337	348999	1226387
2004	54478	340982	1294085
2005	78040	349830	1322554
2006	88304	351873	1265860
2007	122794	348172	1316662
2008	138731	355430	1294828
2009	159968	343555	1272553
2010	187511	371649	1254265
2011	210165	352558	1244740
2012	227747	310861	1142947
2013	261630	306553	1116342
2014	297089	324273	1063857
2015	322353	294441	985425
2016	320145	259060	889519
2017	356530	253568	813513
2018	392017	224225	712930
2019	355537	181022	605684
2020	447290	174168	572692
2021	282623	123200	343550
2022	164976	52679	146580
2023	27862	9992	27930

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	6203	178916	477392
1997	7604	199112	488281
1998	8789	226629	524633
1999	12407	236531	559022
2000	10464	260710	637480
2001	10755	244292	595015
2002	17362	262621	611953
2003	21804	285804	683562
2004	36425	277433	727538
2005	48633	286362	747406
2006	55159	287082	714641
2007	73459	282900	745858
2008	84236	291057	740170
2009	92085	280410	726869
2010	108128	306525	730731
2011	119280	289975	723939
2012	125508	253816	664553
2013	140250	252331	658257
2014	154118	267399	632888
2015	163354	240542	591387
2016	159952	211474	534286
2017	170733	210717	502851
2018	183005	185360	443456
2019	161501	149261	380134
2020	236484	144684	376415
2021	115216	101747	219256
2022	62351	43098	93572
2023	11023	8126	17073

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	2012	45783	426625
1997	2921	49358	427904
1998	2850	55178	463795
1999	3990	56794	471500
2000	4929	57530	506883
2001	6772	55339	492954
2002	7875	59775	497431
2003	10533	63195	542825
2004	18053	63549	566547
2005	29407	63468	575148
2006	33145	64791	551219
2007	49335	65272	570804
2008	54495	64373	554658
2009	67883	63145	545684
2010	79383	65124	523534
2011	90885	62583	520801
2012	102239	57045	478394
2013	121380	54222	458085
2014	142971	56874	430969
2015	158999	53899	394038
2016	160193	47586	355233
2017	185797	42851	310662
2018	209012	38865	269474
2019	194036	31761	225550
2020	210806	29484	196277
2021	167407	21453	124294
2022	102625	9581	53008
2023	16839	1866	10857

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	35.71	38.33	25.61
1997	27.94	39.99	25.10
1998	30.34	39.73	27.49
1999	28.27	40.15	27.26
2000	23.18	40.19	24.06
2001	19.05	34.62	19.10
2002	23.74	36.70	21.12
2003	24.72	48.56	30.16
2004	23.96	52.51	31.19
2005	24.72	50.65	31.41
2006	21.37	53.46	31.73
2007	21.36	56.96	34.63
2008	23.85	58.53	35.41
2009	20.84	59.71	35.37
2010	22.79	60.71	36.71
2011	22.65	62.66	37.48
2012	22.05	63.24	38.05
2013	22.61	64.41	40.42
2014	23.63	65.46	41.56
2015	23.20	68.01	43.05
2016	23.69	68.04	44.15
2017	24.32	69.73	45.93
2018	24.49	70.65	46.33
2019	23.28	71.18	46.16
2020	22.11	72.49	46.64
2021	20.03	72.67	46.94
2022	16.83	75.12	48.43
2023	16.46	74.65	46.79

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	24.00	35.43	45.47
1997	20.62	41.31	47.19
1998	25.22	40.88	48.04
1999	26.52	41.70	45.16
2000	26.15	42.73	50.06
2001	22.98	42.76	50.57
2002	22.07	44.30	49.84
2003	26.45	47.94	53.18
2004	29.14	49.47	53.70
2005	28.95	49.45	56.80
2006	27.89	49.43	56.50
2007	28.38	53.65	61.10
2008	33.19	57.11	65.81
2009	37.02	61.77	71.56
2010	37.05	63.05	72.87
2011	39.06	63.49	73.29
2012	42.48	64.64	74.83
2013	45.11	68.12	75.55
2014	50.07	73.84	78.60
2015	52.46	78.11	79.57
2016	55.21	85.08	80.38
2017	59.81	87.19	81.24
2018	63.27	87.34	81.79
2019	59.20	89.12	81.94
2020	64.72	90.57	83.76
2021	71.27	91.15	85.93
2022	76.98	91.29	86.98
2023	70.38	86.62	76.77