Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	125	655	1950
1997	135	692	1955
1998	131	738	1895
1999	128	905	2011
2000	208	1016	2183
2001	214	992	2185
2002	201	931	2250
2003	231	828	2451
2004	280	900	2450
2005	355	945	2476
2006	450	920	2477
2007	551	1023	2404
2008	620	1017	2469
2009	699	979	2698
2010	753	966	2678
2011	808	973	2755
2012	846	1141	2914
2013	948	1218	2917
2014	987	1092	2865
2015	928	1189	3045
2016	943	1205	2913
2017	902	1285	2975
2018	937	1338	3094
2019	1355	1445	3134
2020	1587	1784	3008
2021	1774	1628	3228
2022	2065	1680	2810
2023	2582	1579	3399

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	125	652	1921
1997	135	682	1940
1998	131	700	1872
1999	128	746	1942
2000	208	805	2122
2001	214	830	2139
2002	200	745	2179
2003	230	767	2301
2004	280	824	2260
2005	355	833	2265
2006	450	813	2255
2007	550	932	2167
2008	616	939	2231
2009	696	871	2450
2010	744	847	2407
2011	802	835	2437
2012	831	982	2590
2013	925	1056	2650
2014	952	940	2572
2015	894	959	2643
2016	905	987	2578
2017	877	1074	2680
2018	918	1163	2811
2019	1328	1127	2877
2020	1527	1210	2706
2021	1730	1196	2937
2022	1997	1275	2576
2023	2529	1212	3089

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	0	3	29
1997	0	10	15
1998	0	38	23
1999	0	159	69
2000	0	211	61
2001	0	162	46
2002	1	186	71
2003	1	61	150
2004	0	76	190
2005	0	112	211
2006	0	107	222
2007	1	91	237
2008	4	78	238
2009	3	108	248
2010	9	119	271
2011	6	138	318
2012	15	159	324
2013	23	162	267
2014	35	152	293
2015	34	230	402
2016	38	218	335
2017	25	211	295
2018	19	175	283
2019	27	318	257
2020	60	574	302
2021	44	432	291
2022	68	405	234
2023	53	367	310

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	77	638	1790
1997	89	666	1821
1998	79	695	1767
1999	86	742	1852
2000	136	815	1994
2001	144	808	1982
2002	148	767	2006
2003	159	746	2164
2004	193	807	2088
2005	246	838	2174
2006	327	814	2188
2007	401	918	2142
2008	487	935	2210
2009	556	885	2347
2010	602	858	2401
2011	660	864	2458
2012	721	978	2580
2013	819	1057	2589
2014	846	949	2588
2015	803	999	2668
2016	821	1003	2558
2017	840	1084	2573
2018	860	1113	2696
2019	1195	1096	2716
2020	1364	1222	2552
2021	1423	1100	2612
2022	1430	932	1937
2023	833	461	1107

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	48	17	160
1997	46	26	134
1998	52	43	128
1999	42	163	159
2000	72	201	189
2001	70	184	203
2002	53	164	244
2003	72	82	287
2004	87	93	362
2005	109	107	302
2006	123	106	289
2007	150	105	262
2008	133	82	259
2009	143	94	351
2010	151	108	277
2011	148	109	297
2012	125	163	334
2013	129	161	328
2014	141	143	277
2015	125	190	377
2016	122	202	355
2017	62	201	402
2018	77	225	398
2019	160	349	418
2020	223	562	456
2021	351	528	616
2022	635	748	873
2023	1749	1118	2292

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	887	20590	71660
1997	1295	22283	76783
1998	1043	22902	73766
1999	1381	27205	70342
2000	2256	30755	86388
2001	2324	31409	83367
2002	2945	31378	88558
2003	3469	28328	95181
2004	3837	35165	87394
2005	4083	30984	95391
2006	5826	30709	87515
2007	7283	31961	87907
2008	11066	33646	98609
2009	13375	30653	86857
2010	16166	26290	90922
2011	16924	25903	82810
2012	19266	27330	76068
2013	17474	27289	72481
2014	19005	24450	72531
2015	18402	23042	65770
2016	14885	18879	54539
2017	15457	22050	52778
2018	16791	22272	56595
2019	16330	14594	39935
2020	19499	15631	33140
2021	10587	9205	21122
2022	6231	3938	8826
2023	1780	1078	2675

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	730	16835	48778
1997	1063	18000	51986
1998	896	18489	50046
1999	1237	22420	48178
2000	1902	25321	60902
2001	2004	25947	59271
2002	2389	26659	63023
2003	2957	23482	67886
2004	2996	30000	63230
2005	3232	25776	68073
2006	4435	25518	63248
2007	5636	26457	63071
2008	8192	27866	71271
2009	10020	25139	61887
2010	12584	21506	64707
2011	12454	20886	58569
2012	14295	22505	53030
2013	12257	22275	51288
2014	13055	20224	51955
2015	12300	18506	47065
2016	9941	15311	38732
2017	9792	18111	38243
2018	10912	18882	41968
2019	9609	11705	29280
2020	12824	12835	24131
2021	5711	7374	15261
2022	3191	3088	6125
2023	863	775	1726

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	157	3755	22882
1997	232	4283	24797
1998	147	4413	23720
1999	144	4785	22164
2000	354	5434	25486
2001	320	5462	24096
2002	556	4719	25535
2003	512	4846	27295
2004	841	5165	24164
2005	851	5208	27318
2006	1391	5191	24267
2007	1647	5504	24836
2008	2874	5780	27338
2009	3355	5514	24970
2010	3582	4784	26215
2011	4470	5017	24241
2012	4971	4825	23038
2013	5217	5014	21193
2014	5950	4226	20576
2015	6102	4536	18705
2016	4944	3568	15807
2017	5665	3939	14535
2018	5879	3390	14627
2019	6721	2889	10655
2020	6675	2796	9009
2021	4876	1831	5861
2022	3040	850	2701
2023	917	303	949

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	9.60	18.93	24.97
1997	12.59	16.91	17.90
1998	6.87	17.34	21.00
1999	13.28	13.48	19.54
2000	13.46	15.16	20.02
2001	17.76	18.25	20.37
2002	18.41	24.92	22.04
2003	14.72	27.17	26.32
2004	17.14	31.67	30.33
2005	16.34	28.68	29.52
2006	11.33	28.59	30.20
2007	15.79	26.20	31.95
2008	20.65	32.84	39.81
2009	17.17	31.05	30.24
2010	21.91	30.95	32.08
2011	22.40	37.00	33.72
2012	24.59	33.22	33.08
2013	23.84	36.45	37.57
2014	24.52	35.99	37.77
2015	24.25	34.90	37.64
2016	21.85	36.60	40.51
2017	29.05	36.03	40.71
2018	32.34	41.70	44.12
2019	23.10	37.65	46.75
2020	22.75	36.21	47.67
2021	19.45	37.96	47.34
2022	18.84	34.76	51.74
2023	16.00	43.45	50.22

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	21.60	6.72	11.44
1997	16.30	7.66	13.71
1998	17.56	7.72	14.04
1999	23.44	8.07	13.87
2000	22.12	14.76	12.46
2001	27.57	17.94	12.49
2002	22.89	23.31	13.24
2003	20.78	23.07	13.95
2004	15.36	27.33	14.61
2005	24.51	29.31	15.63
2006	15.78	27.61	20.43
2007	15.61	27.76	20.76
2008	20.00	27.24	26.12
2009	16.02	28.60	29.84
2010	18.86	29.50	31.85
2011	24.88	35.56	37.60
2012	31.68	34.09	38.74
2013	29.96	35.06	39.18
2014	30.70	38.46	40.59
2015	33.30	34.23	42.13
2016	34.25	41.83	41.78
2017	28.60	45.68	40.71
2018	35.75	53.66	43.24
2019	37.20	54.39	41.99
2020	37.18	66.03	45.98
2021	45.32	62.22	47.37
2022	43.29	60.42	48.65
2023	43.69	57.57	41.42