Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	1320	1380	7358
1997	1899	1468	7363
1998	1968	1226	6583
1999	2631	1444	6202
2000	3346	1557	7825
2001	2980	1613	6828
2002	3285	1515	6308
2003	3173	1494	7188
2004	5339	1624	8930
2005	9042	1923	9218
2006	8965	1886	9908
2007	10991	2375	10250
2008	12043	2380	11254
2009	15196	3136	13652
2010	17021	2930	13552
2011	16961	3168	14992
2012	19331	3108	14570
2013	21850	3973	16952
2014	25563	4316	19021
2015	28987	5187	21380
2016	34109	6091	23394
2017	37604	6928	23954
2018	42986	6834	23796
2019	54653	7517	23110
2020	58265	7511	21614
2021	66448	8173	20516
2022	74622	7947	18796
2023	64780	6605	14400

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	1315	1375	7314
1997	1897	1446	6742
1998	1967	1214	6543
1999	2629	1432	6169
2000	3343	1546	7774
2001	2973	1578	6752
2002	3278	1476	6210
2003	3166	1464	7059
2004	5331	1589	8796
2005	9024	1858	9008
2006	8949	1819	9716
2007	10980	2288	10051
2008	12029	2345	11076
2009	15169	3073	13401
2010	16982	2830	13302
2011	16929	3083	14669
2012	19279	3026	14135
2013	21780	3827	16444
2014	25441	4171	18481
2015	28899	5008	20694
2016	33931	5903	22673
2017	37350	6715	23220
2018	42760	6620	23126
2019	54333	7273	22518
2020	57964	7262	21073
2021	66056	7909	19857
2022	74148	7629	18188
2023	64268	6362	13877

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	5	5	44
1997	2	22	621
1998	1	12	40
1999	2	12	33
2000	3	11	51
2001	7	35	76
2002	7	39	98
2003	7	30	129
2004	8	35	134
2005	18	65	210
2006	16	67	192
2007	11	87	199
2008	14	35	178
2009	27	63	251
2010	39	100	250
2011	32	85	323
2012	52	82	435
2013	70	146	508
2014	122	145	540
2015	88	179	686
2016	178	188	721
2017	254	213	734
2018	226	214	670
2019	320	244	592
2020	301	249	541
2021	392	264	659
2022	474	318	608
2023	512	243	523

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	664	1068	5446
1997	1101	1144	5303
1998	1131	1017	4870
1999	1494	1158	4763
2000	1902	1214	5430
2001	1952	1146	5251
2002	2322	1216	4878
2003	2231	1178	5512
2004	3771	1253	5692
2005	6576	1423	6159
2006	6619	1425	6856
2007	8505	1914	7571
2008	9802	2003	8057
2009	12232	2585	10318
2010	13882	2480	10380
2011	14173	2654	11621
2012	15717	2606	11528
2013	17679	3386	13211
2014	21094	3700	14432
2015	23949	4475	16024
2016	29298	5282	18269
2017	32955	5990	18938
2018	38037	6135	19592
2019	47146	6689	19042
2020	49539	6775	18164
2021	52180	7204	16863
2022	56156	6464	13828
2023	30030	3458	6246

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	656	312	1912
1997	798	324	2060
1998	837	209	1713
1999	1137	286	1439
2000	1444	343	2395
2001	1028	467	1577
2002	963	299	1430
2003	942	316	1676
2004	1568	371	3238
2005	2466	500	3059
2006	2346	461	3052
2007	2486	461	2679
2008	2241	377	3197
2009	2964	551	3334
2010	3139	450	3172
2011	2788	514	3371
2012	3614	502	3042
2013	4171	587	3741
2014	4469	616	4589
2015	5038	712	5356
2016	4811	809	5125
2017	4649	938	5016
2018	4949	699	4204
2019	7507	828	4068
2020	8726	736	3450
2021	14268	969	3653
2022	18466	1483	4968
2023	34750	3147	8154

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	7924	28424	134880
1997	10752	35982	142909
1998	12459	29691	146914
1999	14771	35646	149842
2000	18446	42017	163286
2001	24534	41520	164257
2002	32149	49450	173606
2003	37073	41212	189709
2004	64113	50987	197598
2005	85868	54450	228480
2006	112825	66426	237893
2007	196325	86272	313389
2008	245730	90551	316115
2009	298523	93405	369083
2010	354621	111236	396124
2011	409221	109978	496898
2012	440130	117712	467740
2013	578791	139473	501037
2014	723671	163045	532364
2015	807026	168475	527541
2016	895457	194137	592534
2017	1054905	218313	580514
2018	1212240	210211	590758
2019	1223917	187502	480924
2020	1082879	165030	390102
2021	812329	126037	241799
2022	499542	62019	109992
2023	108924	13327	21521

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	3786	23938	90221
1997	5678	30309	96671
1998	5789	24822	99446
1999	5892	28351	103252
2000	7133	35836	113872
2001	9536	35480	113450
2002	13625	42402	121990
2003	16219	34256	129788
2004	24246	42909	138035
2005	26898	44518	160714
2006	45415	55284	164548
2007	82246	71880	219626
2008	104860	74896	222206
2009	127386	76979	252912
2010	138715	93030	277852
2011	161909	92321	350877
2012	165476	97500	328974
2013	211228	114519	353978
2014	252542	135749	383603
2015	271438	138865	381662
2016	291886	161503	427768
2017	338295	183777	428521
2018	367926	175887	442869
2019	364240	157686	365691
2020	319786	138409	297491
2021	218092	105859	182742
2022	125304	51830	83466
2023	28498	11093	16000

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	4138	4486	44659
1997	5074	5673	46238
1998	6670	4869	47468
1999	8879	7295	46590
2000	11313	6181	49414
2001	14998	6040	50807
2002	18524	7048	51616
2003	20854	6956	59921
2004	39867	8078	59563
2005	58970	9932	67766
2006	67410	11142	73345
2007	114079	14392	93763
2008	140870	15655	93909
2009	171137	16426	116171
2010	215906	18206	118272
2011	247312	17657	146021
2012	274654	20212	138766
2013	367563	24954	147059
2014	471129	27296	148761
2015	535588	29610	145879
2016	603571	32634	164766
2017	716610	34536	151993
2018	844314	34324	147889
2019	859677	29816	115233
2020	763093	26621	92611
2021	594237	20178	59057
2022	374238	10189	26526
2023	80426	2234	5521

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	21.52	30.22	20.17
1997	14.06	33.51	18.10
1998	11.03	34.34	19.08
1999	6.69	31.51	17.69
2000	10.04	34.04	22.66
2001	9.87	31.37	19.21
2002	11.66	36.11	23.38
2003	14.02	42.57	23.02
2004	10.71	42.18	23.54
2005	7.92	47.32	24.86
2006	9.22	43.48	27.81
2007	11.17	47.24	31.21
2008	12.12	45.38	29.48
2009	10.44	44.58	25.79
2010	11.26	45.15	24.74
2011	12.32	45.77	23.73
2012	11.70	44.56	25.39
2013	14.27	47.70	27.74
2014	15.78	51.23	28.85
2015	18.10	51.73	30.99
2016	19.05	54.88	32.74
2017	21.52	56.02	34.87
2018	23.38	62.80	39.50
2019	22.93	65.23	43.38
2020	22.90	69.07	43.85
2021	20.22	70.17	43.74
2022	19.27	72.74	44.29
2023	19.80	75.79	47.21

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	13.41	9.78	13.65
1997	12.16	8.24	13.35
1998	15.45	8.32	12.49
1999	19.76	8.73	13.08
2000	17.72	12.14	15.02
2001	19.56	12.65	13.88
2002	15.43	12.01	15.49
2003	20.45	13.45	15.00
2004	24.22	14.72	16.48
2005	24.54	14.35	15.86
2006	23.61	17.02	16.28
2007	21.12	17.81	15.50
2008	20.27	17.02	16.74
2009	19.64	21.08	19.07
2010	19.54	20.82	16.99
2011	22.86	24.31	19.75
2012	23.42	24.84	18.99
2013	23.41	30.86	20.91
2014	23.94	40.22	25.20
2015	25.22	47.58	30.43
2016	22.93	55.33	31.61
2017	27.54	64.23	34.32
2018	29.14	64.62	35.66
2019	29.67	65.85	37.20
2020	32.16	70.50	43.98
2021	34.62	71.52	46.10
2022	34.65	68.81	45.49
2023	37.99	67.34	44.33