Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	25	1269	4757
1997	56	1516	5386
1998	42	1597	5296
1999	70	1732	5491
2000	85	1932	5626
2001	75	1913	5879
2002	108	2043	6573
2003	131	2212	7106
2004	173	2443	7626
2005	215	2555	8150
2006	395	2777	8726
2007	652	3046	8580
2008	654	2950	8852
2009	1313	3702	10716
2010	1461	3601	10675
2011	2961	3804	10940
2012	1754	4067	11179
2013	1727	4338	11264
2014	1943	4514	11892
2015	2184	4611	11991
2016	2766	4909	12048
2017	3069	4938	12322
2018	3733	5271	12954
2019	5112	5104	12340
2020	5860	5474	12673
2021	7576	5857	13134
2022	9698	5912	13223
2023	13501	6546	14107

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	25	1250	4707
1997	56	1495	5348
1998	41	1578	5263
1999	70	1702	5443
2000	85	1908	5560
2001	75	1890	5781
2002	107	1992	6379
2003	131	2116	6795
2004	173	2352	7343
2005	200	2459	7720
2006	388	2641	8108
2007	643	2888	8001
2008	643	2826	8312
2009	1288	3505	10078
2010	1444	3387	10042
2011	2933	3546	10346
2012	1706	3850	10553
2013	1686	4061	10665
2014	1893	4126	11036
2015	2116	4215	11141
2016	2648	4417	11111
2017	2883	4450	11376
2018	3585	4832	11825
2019	4897	4775	11538
2020	5670	5119	11818
2021	7283	5386	12168
2022	9315	5483	12346
2023	13019	6149	13208

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	0	19	50
1997	0	21	38
1998	1	19	33
1999	0	30	48
2000	0	24	66
2001	0	23	98
2002	1	51	194
2003	0	96	311
2004	0	91	283
2005	15	96	430
2006	7	136	618
2007	9	158	579
2008	11	124	540
2009	25	197	638
2010	17	214	633
2011	28	258	594
2012	48	217	626
2013	41	277	599
2014	50	388	856
2015	68	396	850
2016	118	492	937
2017	186	488	946
2018	148	439	1129
2019	215	329	802
2020	190	355	855
2021	293	471	966
2022	383	429	877
2023	482	397	899

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	20	1116	4337
1997	50	1399	4944
1998	38	1449	4876
1999	64	1603	5044
2000	69	1779	5191
2001	62	1785	5426
2002	96	1917	6084
2003	124	2036	6545
2004	165	2274	7023
2005	185	2396	7379
2006	362	2579	7775
2007	499	2805	7582
2008	572	2746	7996
2009	1053	3340	9572
2010	1182	3280	9547
2011	1800	3445	9958
2012	1447	3730	10030
2013	1540	3956	10193
2014	1620	4016	10497
2015	1962	4051	10536
2016	2363	4280	10493
2017	2654	4263	10835
2018	3324	4612	11328
2019	4369	4613	10726
2020	5088	4841	10824
2021	6216	4832	10546
2022	7259	4315	9126
2023	5398	2613	4973

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	5	153	420
1997	6	117	442
1998	4	148	420
1999	6	129	447
2000	16	153	435
2001	13	128	453
2002	12	126	489
2003	7	176	561
2004	8	169	603
2005	30	159	771
2006	33	198	951
2007	153	241	998
2008	82	204	856
2009	260	362	1144
2010	279	321	1128
2011	1161	359	982
2012	307	337	1149
2013	187	382	1071
2014	323	498	1395
2015	222	560	1455
2016	403	629	1555
2017	415	675	1487
2018	409	659	1626
2019	743	491	1614
2020	772	633	1849
2021	1360	1025	2588
2022	2439	1597	4097
2023	8103	3933	9134

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	744	46460	266169
1997	2988	57456	286515
1998	2593	79664	351158
1999	3872	73950	408509
2000	3051	84819	402194
2001	2821	99903	445730
2002	4921	94186	509427
2003	5409	115888	523609
2004	13408	123826	521468
2005	12808	131514	531554
2006	16572	134713	509749
2007	18668	140262	461264
2008	27157	130404	430397
2009	30697	151371	501151
2010	40433	131128	492228
2011	41685	133153	483534
2012	44379	133101	443727
2013	44299	131526	391927
2014	43997	129966	373645
2015	55284	122382	328834
2016	59960	116744	298255
2017	66200	104213	275394
2018	75978	102957	237918
2019	83880	90145	189305
2020	93158	77681	156869
2021	83574	55890	110212
2022	63122	28694	49015
2023	21340	7709	12592

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	481	35844	165770
1997	1888	43806	175063
1998	1654	63127	222362
1999	2307	56751	255672
2000	1891	64613	256095
2001	1753	80109	278986
2002	3012	72812	322351
2003	3626	91230	331579
2004	9791	97925	324555
2005	7339	103608	334505
2006	9752	107236	319884
2007	11167	111885	286572
2008	15025	102519	273935
2009	17018	119481	312945
2010	21029	102396	310038
2011	23320	104955	303156
2012	24183	105502	284620
2013	23448	103324	247479
2014	23159	102956	239572
2015	28940	96854	211414
2016	30070	92662	193758
2017	31557	81904	181238
2018	33387	81872	156703
2019	36231	71899	127435
2020	40186	62187	108198
2021	29058	44511	75964
2022	19792	22770	33182
2023	6826	5921	8192

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	263	10616	100399
1997	1100	13650	111452
1998	939	16537	128796
1999	1565	17199	152837
2000	1160	20206	146099
2001	1068	19794	166744
2002	1909	21374	187076
2003	1783	24658	192030
2004	3617	25901	196913
2005	5469	27906	197049
2006	6820	27477	189865
2007	7501	28377	174692
2008	12132	27885	156462
2009	13679	31890	188206
2010	19404	28732	182190
2011	18365	28198	180378
2012	20196	27599	159107
2013	20851	28202	144448
2014	20838	27010	134073
2015	26344	25528	117420
2016	29890	24082	104497
2017	34643	22309	94156
2018	42591	21085	81215
2019	47649	18246	61870
2020	52972	15494	48671
2021	54516	11379	34248
2022	43330	5924	15833
2023	14514	1788	4400

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	56.00	24.19	17.83
1997	42.86	22.23	15.04
1998	80.95	25.55	15.67
1999	44.29	24.65	16.26
2000	50.59	27.28	18.97
2001	57.33	30.37	18.20
2002	60.19	29.03	17.88
2003	62.60	35.22	21.57
2004	71.68	39.38	23.68
2005	61.86	37.57	23.04
2006	53.92	41.34	26.44
2007	36.66	43.27	27.12
2008	46.64	47.80	32.08
2009	36.94	44.54	27.26
2010	36.48	44.13	27.89
2011	21.61	47.69	28.32
2012	45.50	49.96	31.76
2013	55.59	51.41	33.91
2014	52.65	52.66	32.79
2015	59.48	52.79	33.81
2016	51.88	53.92	35.62
2017	53.83	54.11	36.30
2018	52.56	56.82	36.81
2019	43.64	60.07	39.57
2020	45.92	61.60	41.47
2021	42.08	65.17	43.71
2022	39.45	66.61	43.17
2023	36.23	68.22	45.06

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	20.00	6.86	15.77
1997	10.71	9.83	16.19
1998	19.05	9.64	16.48
1999	14.29	9.70	16.48
2000	20.00	11.96	17.21
2001	9.33	16.31	18.71
2002	16.67	21.24	20.19
2003	13.74	21.29	21.91
2004	15.03	23.91	23.14
2005	18.60	25.28	24.77
2006	18.73	26.18	25.29
2007	10.74	30.14	25.78
2008	16.67	35.19	26.64
2009	10.43	39.71	28.49
2010	11.09	37.96	29.23
2011	10.71	38.99	29.98
2012	20.70	38.95	29.19
2013	24.44	42.67	32.75
2014	22.03	51.40	32.45
2015	28.39	58.40	36.27
2016	25.38	68.32	37.72
2017	26.13	72.24	38.95
2018	31.77	75.58	40.79
2019	28.74	76.45	40.96
2020	33.67	76.43	42.33
2021	34.49	77.29	42.57
2022	39.51	72.83	41.86
2023	32.05	69.62	39.98