Country Comparison

China

United Kingdom

United States

Documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	112	776	3300
1997	129	769	3295
1998	151	863	3251
1999	183	907	3456
2000	221	1087	3418
2001	267	933	3399
2002	204	1021	3653
2003	348	1111	4180
2004	399	1231	3995
2005	631	1423	4846
2006	1567	1594	5209
2007	1988	1834	5473
2008	4022	1704	5936
2009	5051	1812	5846
2010	6827	1756	5943
2011	4407	1776	6137
2012	3506	1765	6118
2013	3023	2116	6491
2014	4443	2218	6413
2015	6601	2493	7821
2016	7204	3233	9410
2017	10398	3135	9096
2018	10810	3348	10115
2019	18123	3785	11248
2020	19622	4123	11633
2021	27391	4288	11973
2022	25287	4362	11955
2023	12985	3644	8538

Citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	112	763	3263
1997	129	763	3276
1998	151	857	3227
1999	183	895	3429
2000	221	1077	3379
2001	264	904	3301
2002	202	959	3457
2003	348	1071	4005
2004	399	1194	3882
2005	623	1378	4662
2006	1563	1515	4936
2007	1979	1734	5169
2008	4013	1627	5647
2009	5036	1713	5562
2010	6808	1634	5581
2011	4368	1660	5794
2012	3477	1668	5794
2013	2983	2007	6096
2014	4377	2105	5971
2015	6522	2350	7325
2016	7047	2983	8849
2017	10127	2881	8556
2018	10555	3120	9422
2019	17784	3447	10449
2020	19259	3780	10824
2021	27039	3955	11136
2022	24760	3916	10938
2023	12497	3274	7629

Non-citable documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	0	13	37
1997	0	6	19
1998	0	6	24
1999	0	12	27
2000	0	10	39
2001	3	29	98
2002	2	62	196
2003	0	40	175
2004	0	37	113
2005	8	45	184
2006	4	79	273
2007	9	100	304
2008	9	77	289
2009	15	99	284
2010	19	122	362
2011	39	116	343
2012	29	97	324
2013	40	109	395
2014	66	113	442
2015	79	143	496
2016	157	250	561
2017	271	254	540
2018	255	228	693
2019	339	338	799
2020	363	343	809
2021	352	333	837
2022	527	446	1017
2023	488	370	909

Cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	95	695	2931
1997	115	706	2948
1998	136	787	2887
1999	162	823	3151
2000	204	994	3062
2001	240	848	3068
2002	185	915	3273
2003	302	988	3731
2004	364	1110	3598
2005	497	1214	4221
2006	1085	1389	4523
2007	1441	1590	4853
2008	2762	1470	5134
2009	2820	1586	5073
2010	3853	1499	5146
2011	2839	1570	5344
2012	2695	1610	5432
2013	2503	1894	5661
2014	3629	2017	5666
2015	4504	2221	6575
2016	5872	2833	7930
2017	7879	2757	7880
2018	8443	2999	8730
2019	12747	3287	9610
2020	13898	3547	9636
2021	15632	3379	9291
2022	12563	3040	7990
2023	5846	1624	3473

Non-cited documents

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	17	81	369
1997	14	63	347
1998	15	76	364
1999	21	84	305
2000	17	93	356
2001	27	85	331
2002	19	106	380
2003	46	123	449
2004	35	121	397
2005	134	209	625
2006	482	205	686
2007	547	244	620
2008	1260	234	802
2009	2231	226	773
2010	2974	257	797
2011	1568	206	793
2012	811	155	686
2013	520	222	830
2014	814	201	747
2015	2097	272	1246
2016	1332	400	1480
2017	2519	378	1216
2018	2367	349	1385
2019	5376	498	1638
2020	5724	576	1997
2021	11759	909	2682
2022	12724	1322	3965
2023	7139	2020	5065

Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	5648	27513	139908
1997	2963	36793	159115
1998	3948	46218	165235
1999	5650	44880	257623
2000	7484	65044	211280
2001	7319	55856	254918
2002	8552	59897	248283
2003	9815	50580	296060
2004	20139	62854	257758
2005	17714	58927	249080
2006	20619	66312	280200
2007	35990	68684	289351
2008	47958	72542	272004
2009	49548	71329	231342
2010	56261	69160	256572
2011	62743	71581	235157
2012	67313	64867	216288
2013	78497	72137	214917
2014	96674	77858	214033
2015	107327	73200	245596
2016	144017	89236	234426
2017	145382	73539	201364
2018	158112	73968	193599
2019	191075	70463	191163
2020	185645	66299	148437
2021	147659	42714	95835
2022	81573	21471	44851
2023	18536	6821	10511

External Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	4110	21305	86516
1997	1735	28990	105891
1998	2575	37686	106558
1999	3133	35934	164577
2000	3995	52271	139557
2001	3646	45197	167673
2002	3974	47936	161811
2003	4770	40474	199207
2004	12179	50441	169530
2005	9590	46486	162029
2006	10778	52048	183932
2007	19311	54156	190478
2008	24688	58981	176355
2009	25694	56551	148571
2010	28415	54993	165484
2011	32355	57586	151353
2012	31150	52176	142983
2013	34861	57932	141971
2014	41886	62283	142225
2015	44332	59073	161792
2016	61841	71575	155888
2017	63158	59607	134819
2018	62797	59968	130289
2019	74816	57094	134111
2020	69681	54560	104048
2021	49672	34762	66519
2022	25601	17172	30426
2023	5981	5465	7148

Self Cites

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	1538	6208	53392
1997	1228	7803	53224
1998	1373	8532	58677
1999	2517	8946	93046
2000	3489	12773	71723
2001	3673	10659	87245
2002	4578	11961	86472
2003	5045	10106	96853
2004	7960	12413	88228
2005	8124	12441	87051
2006	9841	14264	96268
2007	16679	14528	98873
2008	23270	13561	95649
2009	23854	14778	82771
2010	27846	14167	91088
2011	30388	13995	83804
2012	36163	12691	73305
2013	43636	14205	72946
2014	54788	15575	71808
2015	62995	14127	83804
2016	82176	17661	78538
2017	82224	13932	66545
2018	95315	14000	63310
2019	116259	13369	57052
2020	115964	11739	44389
2021	97987	7952	29316
2022	55972	4299	14425
2023	12555	1356	3363

% International Collaboration

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	33.93	28.22	23.64
1997	50.39	26.40	21.73
1998	53.64	27.81	23.07
1999	44.81	28.56	22.45
2000	51.13	27.60	22.24
2001	55.81	31.83	23.04
2002	54.90	28.01	21.95
2003	52.01	33.57	24.16
2004	50.88	37.29	28.46
2005	48.65	37.17	27.71
2006	22.72	39.90	29.31
2007	25.10	41.38	32.23
2008	15.02	42.43	32.80
2009	15.60	45.64	32.14
2010	12.03	43.74	31.35
2011	18.49	49.94	31.56
2012	27.75	52.63	33.74
2013	38.07	54.21	36.45
2014	32.16	56.00	39.58
2015	27.01	58.24	37.67
2016	32.55	59.29	38.41
2017	25.31	60.22	39.54
2018	29.44	63.08	40.04
2019	23.54	64.89	43.08
2020	23.40	64.15	42.20
2021	19.60	67.65	43.64
2022	22.79	69.62	45.85
2023	36.50	74.15	50.25

% Open Access

Year	China	United Kingdom	United States
1996	13.39	7.35	16.36
1997	14.73	12.87	14.08
1998	12.58	11.70	15.72
1999	14.21	14.11	16.75
2000	9.95	15.73	16.15
2001	12.73	20.36	17.74
2002	12.75	24.39	21.57
2003	13.79	26.64	24.50
2004	17.54	29.33	26.43
2005	23.14	29.16	26.25
2006	17.10	31.68	25.78
2007	13.28	31.84	26.38
2008	12.53	36.15	27.90
2009	11.32	42.38	31.47
2010	5.93	40.60	30.15
2011	15.48	41.61	31.79
2012	16.12	44.31	31.02
2013	18.86	43.86	32.63
2014	16.03	56.40	34.49
2015	16.45	58.76	34.55
2016	12.84	64.34	35.69
2017	11.01	69.63	36.00
2018	12.21	72.10	37.13
2019	10.79	69.25	41.27
2020	11.23	70.68	41.56
2021	11.28	67.75	40.97
2022	14.61	66.05	42.75
2023	30.75	68.30	50.11