Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	65198	9952	12982
1997	64774	10829	13763
1998	62173	14101	13103
1999	60810	12012	12855
2000	64614	16441	13800
2001	63310	23335	13041
2002	70324	22762	13872
2003	77595	26071	15132
2004	92754	42721	17858
2005	105272	64447	21076
2006	97538	74443	20948
2007	86848	85142	20386
2008	88769	99838	20856
2009	89088	107476	20849
2010	92857	123797	21077
2011	92823	155916	21500
2012	91290	163913	21343
2013	93481	177405	21993
2014	95250	186746	24380
2015	101048	151868	26722
2016	101773	164621	28601
2017	99589	172240	27955
2018	100991	188980	29183
2019	100977	224891	30717
2020	97337	234451	30563
2021	93132	250938	31085
2022	90261	297307	31303
2023	74361	285399	27871

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	64349	9906	12805
1997	63803	10811	13686
1998	61684	14093	13033
1999	60448	11997	12770
2000	64085	16414	13679
2001	62249	23273	12819
2002	68953	22676	13608
2003	75975	25986	14788
2004	91492	42649	17600
2005	102359	64349	20410
2006	94919	74300	20397
2007	84534	85008	19732
2008	86729	99629	20248
2009	87009	107068	20280
2010	90582	123389	20468
2011	90434	155425	20799
2012	88802	163301	20597
2013	90912	176689	21189
2014	92620	185861	23596
2015	98258	150970	25843
2016	98591	163513	27452
2017	96455	170849	26773
2018	97619	187449	27964
2019	97612	222932	29403
2020	93900	232468	29272
2021	89687	248601	29619
2022	86702	294596	29946
2023	71412	282621	26733

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	849	46	177
1997	971	18	77
1998	489	8	70
1999	362	15	85
2000	529	27	121
2001	1061	62	222
2002	1371	86	264
2003	1620	85	344
2004	1262	72	258
2005	2913	98	666
2006	2619	143	551
2007	2314	134	654
2008	2040	209	608
2009	2079	408	569
2010	2275	408	609
2011	2389	491	701
2012	2488	612	746
2013	2569	716	804
2014	2630	885	784
2015	2790	898	879
2016	3182	1108	1149
2017	3134	1391	1182
2018	3372	1531	1219
2019	3365	1959	1314
2020	3437	1983	1291
2021	3445	2337	1466
2022	3559	2711	1357
2023	2949	2778	1138

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	46802	5334	9848
1997	47825	6377	10751
1998	46400	7933	10338
1999	45571	7962	10293
2000	48927	11254	11166
2001	49116	15089	10492
2002	54085	15920	11153
2003	58674	18437	11819
2004	67874	31586	13796
2005	74362	46541	15440
2006	70846	53321	15738
2007	64295	61857	15638
2008	65287	72400	16369
2009	68173	78941	16497
2010	70598	89766	16735
2011	70571	105501	17081
2012	70941	110177	17464
2013	71300	118978	17949
2014	73230	127660	19916
2015	78478	120399	21815
2016	80026	134495	23893
2017	79483	143442	23815
2018	81371	157608	24878
2019	82405	186118	26254
2020	78916	191896	26332
2021	72449	193993	25764
2022	60666	201951	23207
2023	26663	106958	12192

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	18396	4618	3134
1997	16949	4452	3012
1998	15773	6168	2765
1999	15239	4050	2562
2000	15687	5187	2634
2001	14194	8246	2549
2002	16239	6842	2719
2003	18921	7634	3313
2004	24880	11135	4062
2005	30910	17906	5636
2006	26692	21122	5210
2007	22553	23285	4748
2008	23482	27438	4487
2009	20915	28535	4352
2010	22259	34031	4342
2011	22252	50415	4419
2012	20349	53736	3879
2013	22181	58427	4044
2014	22020	59086	4464
2015	22570	31469	4907
2016	21747	30126	4708
2017	20106	28798	4140
2018	19620	31372	4305
2019	18572	38773	4463
2020	18421	42555	4231
2021	20683	56945	5321
2022	29595	95356	8096
2023	47698	178441	15679

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	1230935	69071	247089
1997	1224766	77131	275071
1998	1387628	98099	273487
1999	1371733	121909	304568
2000	1599785	173483	363398
2001	1643348	200956	344751
2002	1829991	271410	370300
2003	2104355	332387	377120
2004	2251224	486589	459322
2005	2294940	636428	482649
2006	2180160	721944	501291
2007	2140856	876979	554948
2008	2168699	1016930	520851
2009	2195690	1215405	504609
2010	2353678	1418013	531789
2011	2333648	1558296	526156
2012	2160233	1703460	529932
2013	2138715	1949376	553569
2014	2174965	2239773	615830
2015	2186895	2457589	636125
2016	2099338	2716205	662057
2017	1998849	3058405	645090
2018	1870860	3289050	619861
2019	1597023	3413892	561163
2020	1284216	3085805	485516
2021	816155	2325375	340481
2022	381974	1479170	175442
2023	79452	351567	40995

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	796710	38558	200170
1997	802759	40844	223647
1998	922633	49993	222519
1999	907421	59395	250031
2000	1075839	83226	298546
2001	1095775	85947	284274
2002	1227161	118990	305336
2003	1418791	151298	308280
2004	1511958	197876	378934
2005	1536970	246645	398380
2006	1465395	282624	409929
2007	1442868	342935	461677
2008	1463941	402288	425522
2009	1473326	473527	410548
2010	1587107	548628	435057
2011	1578533	589950	430946
2012	1457271	627357	432118
2013	1445729	694719	450802
2014	1486710	787620	503886
2015	1506898	834781	519660
2016	1453452	900708	543312
2017	1410990	989887	532308
2018	1333126	1041392	513076
2019	1141123	1073423	464205
2020	920586	934186	400610
2021	581599	620194	279635
2022	267494	358035	143549
2023	54987	90066	32968

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	434225	30513	46919
1997	422007	36287	51424
1998	464995	48106	50968
1999	464312	62514	54537
2000	523946	90257	64852
2001	547573	115009	60477
2002	602830	152420	64964
2003	685564	181089	68840
2004	739266	288713	80388
2005	757970	389783	84269
2006	714765	439320	91362
2007	697988	534044	93271
2008	704758	614642	95329
2009	722364	741878	94061
2010	766571	869385	96732
2011	755115	968346	95210
2012	702962	1076103	97814
2013	692986	1254657	102767
2014	688255	1452153	111944
2015	679997	1622808	116465
2016	645886	1815497	118745
2017	587859	2068518	112782
2018	537734	2247658	106785
2019	455900	2340469	96958
2020	363630	2151619	84906
2021	234556	1705181	60846
2022	114480	1121135	31893
2023	24465	261501	8027

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	15.47	12.95	22.45
1997	13.58	14.17	24.80
1998	14.28	12.07	24.88
1999	13.01	13.20	22.56
2000	15.83	13.97	25.49
2001	15.80	9.54	26.49
2002	18.16	13.75	29.18
2003	19.82	15.64	34.19
2004	20.30	13.00	35.75
2005	22.22	10.96	37.51
2006	26.58	10.85	40.06
2007	28.74	10.71	40.47
2008	28.04	10.63	41.77
2009	25.71	10.75	41.52
2010	24.91	10.76	42.89
2011	25.60	9.73	44.51
2012	27.27	10.02	46.62
2013	28.74	10.58	49.32
2014	30.62	11.81	51.33
2015	32.00	16.91	52.28
2016	33.31	18.09	54.58
2017	34.26	19.22	56.84
2018	36.68	20.51	60.31
2019	38.60	20.45	62.21
2020	39.85	20.92	65.52
2021	39.49	19.25	66.26
2022	40.41	18.12	68.50
2023	42.56	18.23	71.72

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	13.35	12.66	9.82
1997	13.14	13.05	9.94
1998	12.73	13.95	10.54
1999	13.25	14.78	11.58
2000	13.95	13.60	12.61
2001	14.20	15.77	13.35
2002	14.15	14.69	14.94
2003	16.10	16.79	16.61
2004	18.39	21.46	18.83
2005	17.69	19.93	19.48
2006	16.36	17.77	19.40
2007	16.51	17.39	19.75
2008	17.90	15.93	22.20
2009	20.03	16.69	23.64
2010	20.39	15.18	25.36
2011	20.78	14.05	26.29
2012	21.63	14.58	27.89
2013	23.51	16.57	31.57
2014	25.89	17.29	40.75
2015	28.83	25.94	49.01
2016	30.05	23.91	56.90
2017	32.91	27.62	64.28
2018	36.31	31.15	66.49
2019	37.55	32.53	67.01
2020	42.62	34.16	69.36
2021	44.65	30.48	69.92
2022	42.25	30.71	67.11
2023	40.99	30.25	63.49