Country Comparison

United States

China

United Kingdom

Documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	361652	30866	92346
1997	362819	36174	96932
1998	360646	42636	99080
1999	359604	43360	99545
2000	373233	51571	106855
2001	375462	65584	102609
2002	399144	68491	106409
2003	438098	81962	120292
2004	472476	117157	127010
2005	524287	171365	141286
2006	539864	201329	149227
2007	540532	223348	157440
2008	546476	261476	160221
2009	586926	308717	171318
2010	606658	344396	175869
2011	629997	394418	180654
2012	671079	417102	197370
2013	688550	457285	209587
2014	681200	489926	202829
2015	700657	466256	209586
2016	707034	502670	222949
2017	724592	543689	229037
2018	735744	611808	231577
2019	724830	705520	227184
2020	718834	774548	231342
2021	738099	869988	245990
2022	702840	1009891	236145

Citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	351246	30751	86654
1997	352230	36074	91840
1998	348023	42545	93073
1999	344117	43227	91959
2000	356212	51350	98740
2001	356037	65274	94039
2002	377439	68128	97278
2003	401566	81012	103021
2004	431775	116278	109551
2005	467058	170169	119104
2006	476472	199429	125627
2007	468460	220990	129716
2008	472965	258417	130663
2009	503698	303721	139131
2010	520052	335537	142264
2011	537911	384753	146837
2012	553133	409458	153281
2013	564184	447419	159814
2014	569457	479252	162983
2015	578106	454023	168915
2016	585282	489301	173638
2017	593889	528227	177641
2018	608802	594292	183218
2019	613526	686188	187583
2020	622464	752244	194998
2021	641180	847530	208390
2022	623186	985085	205867

Non-citable documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	10406	115	5692
1997	10589	100	5092
1998	12623	91	6007
1999	15487	133	7586
2000	17021	221	8115
2001	19425	310	8570
2002	21705	363	9131
2003	36532	950	17271
2004	40701	879	17459
2005	57229	1196	22182
2006	63392	1900	23600
2007	72072	2358	27724
2008	73511	3059	29558
2009	83228	4996	32187
2010	86606	8859	33605
2011	92086	9665	33817
2012	117946	7644	44089
2013	124366	9866	49773
2014	111743	10674	39846
2015	122551	12233	40671
2016	121752	13369	49311
2017	130703	15462	51396
2018	126942	17516	48359
2019	111304	19332	39601
2020	96370	22304	36344
2021	96919	22458	37600
2022	79654	24806	30278

Cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	304787	19087	79223
1997	309805	23384	83082
1998	311194	27405	85189
1999	314009	30163	86582
2000	326978	37353	93171
2001	330663	46641	89735
2002	348726	52371	93003
2003	378581	63636	103296
2004	404052	90867	109185
2005	435428	127297	117921
2006	449082	151276	125372
2007	448693	170773	131765
2008	457762	199789	134453
2009	489452	232692	143133
2010	506909	257147	147580
2011	523193	288149	151570
2012	552787	313433	163297
2013	565638	346010	171685
2014	566747	377082	169121
2015	578437	389837	175520
2016	585417	423296	182892
2017	594256	460177	186811
2018	600845	515206	188743
2019	586623	584329	186085
2020	574681	618224	187649
2021	517636	605655	177537
2022	251779	360104	93246

Non-cited documents

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	56865	11779	13123
1997	53014	12790	13850
1998	49452	15231	13891
1999	45595	13197	12963
2000	46255	14218	13684
2001	44799	18943	12874
2002	50418	16120	13406
2003	59517	18326	16996
2004	68424	26290	17825
2005	88859	44068	23365
2006	90782	50053	23855
2007	91839	52575	25675
2008	88714	61687	25768
2009	97474	76025	28185
2010	99749	87249	28289
2011	106804	106269	29084
2012	118292	103669	34073
2013	122912	111275	37902
2014	114453	112844	33708
2015	122220	76419	34066
2016	121617	79374	40057
2017	130336	83512	42226
2018	134899	96602	42834
2019	138207	121191	41099
2020	144153	156324	43693
2021	220463	264333	68453
2022	451061	649787	142899

Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	15535147	313514	3323585
1997	16196110	390409	3709479
1998	17322373	457230	3991729
1999	17741557	553347	4172329
2000	19978058	717799	4966047
2001	20192921	903376	4649205
2002	20974192	1136752	5031458
2003	22240246	1501611	5464932
2004	23064560	2029730	5762951
2005	23288344	2568253	5983722
2006	23072199	3018718	6109587
2007	22403156	3560167	6286848
2008	22165826	4170446	6130745
2009	22565371	4879191	6399237
2010	22287258	5460376	6230619
2011	21477329	6057816	6037230
2012	20825166	6837274	6059146
2013	19651036	7561871	5953321
2014	18515084	8291402	5627816
2015	17479026	8910871	5510334
2016	15816242	8986761	5164003
2017	14411456	9534908	4769237
2018	12293653	9678975	4122825
2019	9508307	9125973	3290774
2020	7393054	8081359	2780836
2021	3577489	4222721	1427086
2022	735027	1135104	308133

External Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	8594107	181288	2605164
1997	8973002	228012	2919053
1998	9665715	252602	3153739
1999	9931235	298177	3306088
2000	11414277	367911	3965354
2001	11529360	454307	3694579
2002	11988917	566268	4011160
2003	12788726	755250	4351711
2004	13323819	999197	4589537
2005	13447360	1223217	4761708
2006	13312241	1422003	4827147
2007	12938793	1663242	4977489
2008	12854015	1966001	4839350
2009	13055922	2289516	5055618
2010	12978978	2518760	4907102
2011	12499093	2723790	4729019
2012	12098088	3026230	4736979
2013	11413907	3238742	4634319
2014	10835374	3425993	4399448
2015	10335306	3578863	4313245
2016	9449792	3488279	4046069
2017	8739784	3581255	3758549
2018	7517215	3443023	3242270
2019	5835561	3148553	2585279
2020	4608033	3120342	2200555
2021	2194823	1296237	1108549
2022	437717	314827	233837

Self Cites

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	6941040	132226	718421
1997	7223108	162397	790426
1998	7656658	204628	837990
1999	7810322	255170	866241
2000	8563781	349888	1000693
2001	8663561	449069	954626
2002	8985275	570484	1020298
2003	9451520	746361	1113221
2004	9740741	1030533	1173414
2005	9840984	1345036	1222014
2006	9759958	1596715	1282440
2007	9464363	1896925	1309359
2008	9311811	2204445	1291395
2009	9509449	2589675	1343619
2010	9308280	2941616	1323517
2011	8978236	3334026	1308211
2012	8727078	3811044	1322167
2013	8237129	4323129	1319002
2014	7679710	4865409	1228368
2015	7143720	5332008	1197089
2016	6366450	5498482	1117934
2017	5671672	5953653	1010688
2018	4776438	6235952	880555
2019	3672746	5977420	705495
2020	2785021	4961017	580281
2021	1382666	2926484	318537
2022	297310	820277	74296

% International Collaboration

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	18.74	17.30	26.61
1997	17.11	16.87	26.29
1998	18.68	15.88	27.52
1999	17.99	15.89	26.84
2000	18.65	16.34	27.17
2001	18.13	13.43	27.41
2002	19.13	16.11	29.22
2003	22.19	18.59	33.43
2004	22.98	16.41	35.31
2005	23.46	13.81	36.10
2006	24.45	13.98	36.46
2007	26.11	14.41	37.55
2008	27.88	14.49	39.61
2009	25.99	14.24	39.50
2010	26.09	14.54	40.24
2011	26.81	14.66	41.48
2012	27.45	15.57	41.72
2013	28.53	16.60	42.98
2014	30.15	17.48	46.28
2015	31.05	20.63	48.45
2016	32.47	21.45	48.81
2017	33.05	22.26	50.18
2018	34.39	23.01	52.62
2019	35.88	23.01	55.50
2020	37.65	23.01	58.27
2021	37.91	21.24	59.76
2022	39.30	19.95	61.97

% Open Access

Year	United States	China	United Kingdom
1996	19.19	13.76	19.04
1997	20.44	13.78	20.27
1998	21.52	15.20	21.67
1999	21.98	16.16	22.35
2000	21.55	16.08	22.57
2001	22.17	16.66	23.97
2002	22.67	17.18	25.11
2003	23.46	19.08	25.28
2004	24.23	20.14	27.06
2005	24.13	19.54	27.02
2006	25.07	18.75	27.65
2007	27.00	18.30	28.76
2008	31.35	19.69	30.56
2009	34.34	19.42	32.61
2010	35.03	18.13	33.55
2011	36.49	19.19	35.68
2012	37.08	21.87	35.70
2013	38.01	24.59	38.54
2014	40.59	26.19	46.64
2015	42.56	31.43	52.93
2016	44.93	32.94	59.68
2017	45.37	36.01	64.03
2018	46.73	36.57	66.15
2019	47.76	37.83	68.00
2020	52.52	42.27	71.65
2021	53.73	43.24	71.95
2022	48.43	43.49	68.44